Comparative Cranial Geometric Morphometrics among Wistar Albino, Sprague Dawley, and WAG/Rij Rat Strains

This research utilizes geometric morphometrics to investigate shape variation in the skull, mandible, and teeth among three rat strains: Wistar Albino (WA), Sprague Dawley (SD), and WAG/Rij (WR). Through the analysis of 48 rats using 2D geometric morphometric techniques, significant differences in their skull morphology were identified. This study indicates a shift from a rectangular to an oval cranial shape across strains, with notable size and morphological variances. Particularly, the WR strain’s skull shape significantly differs from the SD and WA strains, suggesting distinct ecological or genetic pathways. Compared to the skull, mandible shape differences are less pronounced, but still significant. The WR strain exhibits a distinct mandible shape, potentially reflecting ecological adaptations like dietary habits. The teeth shape of WR rats is the most distinct. SD rats consistently exhibited larger sizes in both skull and mandible measurements, while WR rats were notably smaller. Interestingly, sexual dimorphism was not statistically significant in skull and teeth sizes, aligning with findings from previous studies. However, the mandible showed clear size differences between sexes, underscoring its potential for adaptive or behavioral studies. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of morphological variations in rat strains, highlighting the intricate interplay of size, shape, and ecological factors. These findings lay a foundation for deeper explorations into the adaptive, ecological, or genetic narratives influencing rat morphology

Arterial Supply of the Cranial Cervical Ganglion in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)

This study was performed to determine the arterial vessels of the cranial cervical ganglia of 7 adult roe deer. Latex coloured with a red dye was injected to blood vessels of the cranial cervical ganglion and these vessels were observed with detailed dissections. Especially, the occipital artery and branches that extended to the mandibular gland and to the medial retropharyngeal lenf node of the ascending palatine artery were responsible for the vascularization of the cranial cervical ganglion. Furthermore, the vessel that supplied muscles at the cervical region and separated from the common carotid artery, the ascending pharyngeal artery and middle meningeal artery also participated in the vascularization of the ganglion

Arterial Supply of the cranial cervical ganglion in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

This study was performed to determine the arterial vessels of the cranial cervical ganglia of 7 adult roe deer. Latex coloured with a red dye was injected to blood vessels of the cranial cervical ganglion and these vessels were observed with detailed dissections. Especially, the occipital artery and branches that extended to the mandibular gland and to the medial retropharyngeal lenf node of the ascending palatine artery were responsible for the vascularization of the cranial cervical ganglion. Furthermore, the vessel that supplied muscles at the cervical region and separated from the common carotid artery, the ascending pharyngeal artery and middle meningeal artery also participated in the vascularization of the ganglion. Copyright © 2015 Zoological Society of Pakistan

New method for estimating the volume and volume fractions of the nasal structures in the goose (Anser anser domesticus) using computed tomography images

1. The conchae within the nasal cavity of poultry are important for water and energy conservation, but have not been experimentally evaluated. The aim of the present study was to determine the accuracy of volume and volume fraction estimates of the conchae, nasal septum and nasal cavity. 2. The nasal cavities of 7 adult goose heads were scanned using computed tomography (CT), with images sampled randomly at a 1/5 sampling fraction. Physical sections were obtained from the same samples, using an electric saw that had an adjustable section range, and provided 14 to 15 sections with a thickness of 2.5 mm. The section surface areas of the nasal cavity, nasal septum and conchae were estimated using the Cavalieri principle. Results obtained using the CT and physical section images were compared. Volumes and volume fractions obtained from the physical sections were accepted as the gold standard and differences in the CT images were determined. 3. Multiplication of the data obtained on the CT images with the deviation percentage of the physical sections produced normalised values. No differences were observed between the gold standard data and the CT images. While it was possible to normalise the obtained data using the gold standard values, the raw data could also be used for comparative studies because the deviations from normal would be similar for all groups. 4. Our study showed that the nasal structures could be estimated in vivo using CT images

Effects of Bilateral Breast Reduction on Peak Airway Pressure and Pulmonary Function Tests

Purpose: Surgical reduction due to breast size is not carried out merely foranesthetic concerns but also for such complaints as breast pain belonging to breastand skeletal system, back pain, neck pain, and intertriginous rashes. This studyaims to investigate the effect of bilateral breast reduction surgery on maximuminspiratory pressure (Ppeak) and pulmonary functions. This study aims toinvestigate the effect of bilateral breast reduction surgery on pulmonary functiontest. Methods: The study included 50 patients who would undergo bilateral breastreduction. Patients were divided into two groups: group II were given positiveend-expiratory pressure (PEEP), which was not administered to the group I.Patients were checked in terms of maximum inspiratory pressures (Ppeak) beforesurgery, after first and second breasts were removed, and after surgery. Pulmonaryfunction tests were carried out on preoperative, postoperative second and 14th days.As RFT, forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1 (forced expiratory volume at the firstsecond of FVC), FEV1/FVC and PEF (peak expiratory flow rate) were measured. Results: In both groups, demographic data were not found to statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). When compared both groups in terms of preoperative FVC and FEV1/FVC 14th day, a significant increase was found on the 14th day (P < 0.05). A significant difference was not established between groups in terms of Ppeak values (P > 0.05). Ppeak was found to be significantly higher in group I (22.28 ± 7.56) at the end of intubation compared with group II (19.04 ± 3.73) (P = 0.002, P < 0.05). Similarly, preoperative Ppeak was established to be 21.88 ± 7.51 in group I and it was significantly higher compared with group II (19.44 ± 4.08), (P = 0.002, P < 0.05). When compared Ppeak values at the end of intubation and before operation with entry values a statistically significant difference was not found in either group (P = 0.76, P > 0.05).Conclusions: Some researchers reported a positive correlation between FVC, FEV1/FVC, and PEF along with the excised tissue mass. We established a positive correlation between the excised tissue weight and FVC and FEV1/FVC and that PEEP application did not have an impact on Ppeak.Keywords: Airway pressure, macromastia, respiratory functio