277 research outputs found
Uncomputably complex renormalisation group flows
Renormalisation group methods are among the most important techniques for analysing the physics of many-body systems: by iterating a renormalisation group map, which coarse-grains the description of a system and generates a flow in the parameter space, physical properties of interest can be extracted. However, recent work has shown that important physical features, such as the spectral gap and phase diagram, may be impossible to determine, even in principle. Following these insights, we construct a rigorous renormalisation group map for the original undecidable many-body system that appeared in the literature, which reveals a renormalisation group flow so complex that it cannot be predicted. We prove that each step of this map is computable, and that it converges to the correct fixed points, yet the resulting flow is uncomputable. This extreme form of unpredictability for renormalisation group flows had not been shown before and goes beyond the chaotic behaviour seen previously
Fitting quantum noise models to tomography data
The presence of noise is currently one of the main obstacles to achieving large-scale quantum computation. Strategies to characterise and understand noise processes in quantum hardware are a critical part of mitigating it, especially as the overhead of full error correction and fault-tolerance is beyond the reach of current hardware. Non-Markovian effects are a particularly unfavourable type of noise, being both harder to analyse using standard techniques and more difficult to control using error correction. In this work we develop a set of efficient algorithms, based on the rigorous mathematical theory of Markovian master equations, to analyse and evaluate unknown noise processes. In the case of dynamics consistent with Markovian evolution, our algorithm outputs the best-fit Lindbladian, i.e., the generator of a memoryless quantum channel which best approximates the tomographic data to within the given precision. In the case of non-Markovian dynamics, our algorithm returns a quantitative and operationally meaningful measure of non-Markovianity in terms of isotropic noise addition. We provide a Python implementation of all our algorithms, and benchmark these on a range of 1- and 2-qubit examples of synthesised noisy tomography data, generated using the Cirq platform. The numerical results show that our algorithms succeed both in extracting a full description of the best-fit Lindbladian to the measured dynamics, and in computing accurate values of non-Markovianity that match analytical calculations
Randomized Benchmarking for Individual Quantum Gates
Any technology requires precise benchmarking of its components, and the
quantum technologies are no exception. Randomized benchmarking allows for the
relatively resource economical estimation of the average gate fidelity of
quantum gates from the Clifford group, assuming identical noise levels for all
gates, making use of suitable sequences of randomly chosen Clifford gates. In
this work, we report significant progress on randomized benchmarking, by
showing that it can be done for individual quantum gates outside the Clifford
group, even for varying noise levels per quantum gate. This is possible at
little overhead of quantum resources, but at the expense of a significant
classical computational cost. At the heart of our analysis is a
representation-theoretic framework that we develop here which is brought into
contact with classical estimation techniques based on bootstrapping and matrix
pencils. We demonstrate the functioning of the scheme at hand of benchmarking
tensor powers of T-gates. Apart from its practical relevance, we expect this
insight to be relevant as it highlights the role of assumptions made on unknown
noise processes when characterizing quantum gates at high precision.Comment: 4+13 pages, 4 figures, small changes, references adde
Anthropic pressures on Nature 2000 Sites: recommendations and monitoring criteria for the pollution emergency response activities within the Orbetello lagoon
L’elevato valore naturalistico e socioeconomico
di un Sito Natura 2000 richiede che tutte le
attività antropiche che si svolgono al suo interno
(es. pesca, turismo, trasporti, attività industriali,
etc.) siano gestite in maniera tale da non pregiudicare
le specie e gli habitat per i quali l’area è
stata designata. Molti di questi Siti sono ambienti
di transizione, ovvero zone che costituiscono il
passaggio naturale tra terra e mare. La loro
posizione di interfaccia tra questi due ambienti li
rende ecosistemi unici e biologicamente molto
produttivi, sede di meccanismi di regolazione dei processi interattivi della biosfera nelle due
fasi, terrestre e marina. In alcuni Siti la presenza
di attività antropiche diffuse e prolungate nel
tempo ha portato al riscontro di stati di
contaminazione elevata, fino all’inclusione di
queste zone, o parti di esse, tra i Siti di bonifica
di Interesse Nazionale (SIN). Il presente lavoro
descrive le linee di indirizzo e le attività di
monitoraggio da attuare per la salvaguardia della
salute pubblica e dell’ambiente nel corso degli
interventi di messa in sicurezza di emergenza
predisposti nell’area lagunare antistante l’area
industriale Ex Sitoco, all’interno della perimetrazione
del SIN di Orbetello, incluso in un Sito di
Importanza Comunitaria. Le matrici ambientali
potenzialmente a rischio a causa dell’esecuzione
di tali interventi sono: acqua, sedimento,
biocenosi acquatiche, avifauna, uomo.
È altresì importante valutare gli effetti che le
ipotetiche modifiche su microscala, apportate a
livello di ogni matrice, potrebbero causare nel
lungo periodo su macroscala.The high naturalistic and socio-economic value
of Natura 2000 sites requires that all human
activities performed within their borders (e.g.
fishing, tourism, transports, industrial activities)
are regulated. Indeed, the site management
should assure the effective safeguard of all
species and habitats of European interest
included in the protected area. A lot of such
sites are located in transitional environments,
that are areas characterised by a natural
progression from the terrestrial to the water
environments. Such environments include
unique and very productive habitats, and they
represent the regulation mechanisms of the
interactive processes of the terrestrial and
marine biosphere. In some sites, the presence
of human activities that are distributed both in
space and time has led to high levels of contamination,
that in some cases even required their
inclusion in Reclamation Sites of National
Interest (SIN). The present study describes the
planning and monitoring activities to be
performed in order to safeguard human and
environment health during the actions of MISE in the lagoonal area in front of the industrial area
Ex Sitoco, within the borders of the Orbetello
SIN, included in a SCI. The environmental
parameters that are potentially at risk due to
such activities are: water, sediment, water
biocenosis, birds, humans. Furthermore, it is
important to evaluate the effects that potential
variations at the microscale level may cause at
the macroscale level
Noise-mitigated randomized measurements and self-calibrating shadow estimation
Randomized measurements are increasingly appreciated as powerful tools to
estimate properties of quantum systems, e.g., in the characterization of hybrid
classical-quantum computation. On many platforms they constitute natively
accessible measurements, serving as the building block of prominent schemes
like shadow estimation. In the real world, however, the implementation of the
random gates at the core of these schemes is susceptible to various sources of
noise and imperfections, strongly limiting the applicability of protocols. To
attenuate the impact of this shortcoming, in this work we introduce an
error-mitigated method of randomized measurements, giving rise to a robust
shadow estimation procedure. On the practical side, we show that error
mitigation and shadow estimation can be carried out using the same session of
quantum experiments, hence ensuring that we can address and mitigate the noise
affecting the randomization measurements. Mathematically, we develop a picture
derived from Fourier-transforms to connect randomized benchmarking and shadow
estimation. We prove rigorous performance guarantees and show the functioning
using comprehensive numerics. More conceptually, we demonstrate that, if
properly used, easily accessible data from randomized benchmarking schemes
already provide such valuable diagnostic information to inform about the noise
dynamics and to assist in quantum learning procedures.Comment: 6+20 pages, 6 figure
Estimating gate-set properties from random sequences
With quantum computing devices increasing in scale and complexity, there is a
growing need for tools that obtain precise diagnostic information about quantum
operations. However, current quantum devices are only capable of short
unstructured gate sequences followed by native measurements. We accept this
limitation and turn it into a new paradigm for characterizing quantum
gate-sets. A single experiment - random sequence estimation - solves a wealth
of estimation problems, with all complexity moved to classical post-processing.
We derive robust channel variants of shadow estimation with close-to-optimal
performance guarantees and use these as a primitive for partial, compressive
and full process tomography as well as the learning of Pauli noise. We discuss
applications to the quantum gate engineering cycle, and propose novel methods
for the optimization of quantum gates and diagnosing cross-talk.Comment: 10+18 pages, two figures, substantially rewritten (made more
intuitive, connected better to common experimental prescriptions, equipped
with stronger numerical analysis
Distal Reoperations after Repair of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection—Incidence, Causes and Outcomes
Background and Aim of the Study: In patients with acute type A aortic dissection (A-AAD) whether initial repair should include also aortic arch replacement is still debated. We aimed to assess if extensive aortic repair prevents from reoperations patients with A-AAD. Methods: Outcomes after distal reoperation following repair of A-AAD (n = 285; 1977 to 2018) were analysed in 22 of 226 who underwent ascending aorta/hemiarch replacement (Group 1R) and 7 of 59 who had ascending aorta/arch replacement (Group 2R). Results: Distal reoperation was more common in Group 1R (n = 22) than in Group 2R (n = 0) (p < 0.001) while thoracic endovascular stenting was more frequent in Group 2R (7 vs 3, p < 0.001). Indications for reoperation were pseudoaneurysm at distal anastomosis (n = 4, 18%) and progression of aortic dissection (n = 18, 82%) in Group 1R. Indication for thoracic endovascular stenting was progressive aortic dissection in 3 patients of Group 1R and in 6 of Group 2R. Second reoperation was required in 2 patients from Group 1R (2%) during a mean follow-up of 5 years. Median follow-up was 4 years in Group 1R and 7 years in Group 2R (p = 0.36). Hospital mortality was 14% in Group 1R and 0% in Group 2R (p = 0.3). Actuarial survival is 68 ± 10%, and 62 ± 11% for Group 1R and 100% for Group 2R at 5 and 10 years (p = 0.076). Conclusions: Distal reoperations after A-AAD repair have an acceptable mortality. An extensive initial repair has lower rate of reoperation and better mid-term survival and should be indicated especially for young patients in experienced centers
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