Crossing the Border Line: Interpreting Federal Drug Trafficking Statutes in United States v. Londono-Villa

Bu çalışmanın amacı koyunlarda phlorizin uygulamasının serum lipid profili ve oksidatif stres indikatörleri üzerine etkinliğini araştırmaktı. Çalışmada 10 adet laktasyonda ve gebe olmayan koyun kullanıldı. Phlorizin 100 mg/kg dozunda her koyuna derialtı yolla enjekte edildi. Çalışma öncesi ve sonrasında koyunların canlı ağırlık (CA) ve sırt yağı kalınlığı (SYK) ölçüldü. Çalışmadan önceki (0. saat) ve sonraki 12., 24., 48., 72. ve 120. saatlerde alınan kan örneklerinde hematolojik analizler ve lipid profilini içeren biyokimyasal parametreler ve oksidatif stres indikatörleri analiz edildi. Aynı saatlerde idrar örnekleri de analiz edildi. Histopatolojik muayene için, çalışmadan 24 saat önce ve sonra iki adet koyundan karaciğer biyopsi örnekleri alındı. Çalışma sonucunda, phlorizinin ortalama CA, SYK, total lökosit (WBC), insülin, glukoz, kan üre nitrojen (BUN), kreatinin, trigliserit (TG), alkalen fosfataz (ALP), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH), total oksidan seviye (TOS) ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değerlerini önemli ölçüde azalttığı (p&lt;0.05) ve ortalama trombosit (PLT), hemoglobin (Hgb), esterleşmemiş yağ asitleri (NEFA) değerlerini ise önemli oranda artırdığı belirlendi (p&lt;0.05). İdrar örneklerinde proteinüri ve glikozüri tespit edildi. Histopatolojik muayenede, phlorizin uygulamasından sonra hepatositlerin sitoplazmalarındaki yağ vakuollerinin sayısında azalma görüldü. Bu çalışma koyunlarda phlorizinin antihiperglisemik, antihiperlipidemik ve antioksidan olarak önerilebileceğini gösterdi.The aim of this study was analyse the effect of phlorizin application on serum lipid prophile and oxidative stres indicators in sheep. Ten non-lactating and non-pregnant sheep were used in this study. Phlorizin was subcutanously injected at a dosage of 100 mg/kg to each animal. Body weight (BW) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Hematological, biochemical parameters including lipid prohile, and oxidative stress indicators were analysed in blood samples obtained before (0th hour) and 12., 24., 48., 72. and 120th hours after the study. Urine samples were analysed at the same time intervals. Liver biopsy materials were obtained from two sheep 24 hours before and after the study for histopathological examinations. Results indicate that phlorizin significantly decreased the mean BW, SFT, total leukocyte (WBC), insulin, glucose, blood urea nitrogene (BUN), creatinin, triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total oxidative status (TOS) ve oksidative stres index (OSI) values (p&lt;0.05), and significantly increased the mean platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (Hgb) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) values (p&lt;0.05). Proteinuria and glycosuria were determined in urine samples. Histopathological examinations revealed a progressive decrease in cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles of hepatocytes after phlorizin administration. This study suggests that phlorizin could be proposed as an antihyperglycemic, antihiperlipidemic and antioxidant agent in sheep.&nbsp;</p

Sağlık İnanç Modeli ile Erkeklerin Prostat Kanseri Taramalarına İlişkin İnanç ve Algı Düzeyleri ile Etkileyen Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: İnsanların inanç ve algıları sağlık davranışlarını etkiler. Prostat kanserinde erken tanı için yapılacak taramalara katılım hekimin önerisi doğrultusunda bireyin kararı ile yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, erkeklerde sık görülen kanserlerden biri olan prostat kanseri taraması hakkında bireylerin sağlık inancı algı düzeylerini ve prostat kanseri taramalarına katılmayı etkileyen faktörleri değerlendirmek amaçlandı. Yöntem: Kesitsel tipte planlanan çalışmaya aile hekimliği polikliniğine Kasım 2020-Ocak 2021 tarihleri arasında başvuran 35 yaş ve üzeri 100 erkek katılımcı dâhil edildi. Gönüllü katılımcılara araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgi formu ve Prostat Kanseri Taramaları Sağlık İnanç Modeli Ölçeği yüz yüze anket görüşmesi yöntemi ile uygulandı. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan erkeklerin yaş ortalaması 45,28±7,34 (35-65) yıl, %22,00’si daha önce prostat muayenesi olmuş ve yalnızca %4,00’ü prostat kanseri taramasına katılmıştır. Sağlık İnanç Modeline göre, prostat kanseri taramalarına yönelik duyarlılık (11,85±3,35), ciddiyet (13,17±3,39) ve engel algısı (37,03±8,63) orta düzeyde, sağlık motivasyonu (33,74±6,43) ve yarar algısının (37,03±8,63) yüksek olduğu bulundu. Gelecekte prostat kanseri taramasına katılmayı düşünen katılımcıların duyarlılık algısı, sağlık motivasyonu algısı ve yarar algısı yüksek bulundu. Lojistik regresyon analizine göre prostat taraması olma durumunu etkileyen değişkenin sağlık motivasyon algısı olarak belirlendi. Sonuç: Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin prostat kanseri taramalarına katılımının az olduğu, prostat kanseri taramalarına katılımda sağlık motivasyonu ve yarar algısının önemli olduğu bulundu

Effect of season and stocking density during transport on carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs

Many factors related to transport to abattoir affects meat quality, but scarce information is available in suckling lambs. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of season and stocking density on carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs during commercial transport to the abattoir. A factorial design (2 × 3) was used: two seasons (winter and summer) and three stocking densities (SD; 0.08, 0.12 and 0.20 m2 animal-1). Meat quality variables were measured in the M. longissimus at 24 h post-mortem and after 5 days of refrigerated storage. Lambs transported in summer showed lower liver weight (p&lt;0.001), h* (p&lt;0.05), deoxymyoglobin content (p&lt;0.001), pressed juice (p&lt;0.01), shear force (p&lt;0.001) and firmness (p&lt;0.001), and higher initial pH (p&lt;0.001), L*, b*, C* (p&lt;0.001) and a* (p&lt;0.01), as well as metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin content (p&lt;0.001), than those transported in winter. The effect of season was dependent on storage time, being colour changes more evident at 24 h than after 5 days of storage, whereas lipid oxidation was only observed in stored meat, which may be explain because the natural antioxidative system decreases with time after slaughter. Scarce effect of SD was found on the carcass and meat quality parameters, thus under our experimental conditions the three SD studied appear to be suitable for suckling lambs transport. However, both carcass and meat quality were within the normal commercial range

Isolation, genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes in ready to eat foods

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLEIn this study, pathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes (E. coli O157:H7, O26, O111) and their molecular proximity and antimicrobial susceptibility were investigated in RTE foods. A total of 240 samples; consist of 105 stuffed mussel, 56 meatless cig kofte, 54 Russian salad, 25 cheese halva, were analyzed. The conventional culture and serotyping methods for determination of the organisms were performed and further confirmation by PCR was carried out. Confirmed E. coli O157 isolates were genotyped by the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus(ERIC)-PCR. Antibacterial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by disc diffusion method. E. coli was detected in 7 (2.9 %) of 240 samples, including 3 (5.5%) Russian salad, 3 (2.8%) stuffed mussel, 1 (4 %) cheese halva. Two isolates from Russian salad, 1 from stuffed mussel and 1 from cheese halva were identified as E. coli O157 . In addition, stuffed mussel isolate was found to carry stx1 ve hlyA genes whereas one Russian salad isolate carried the stx1 gene. E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to amoxycillin/clavulonic acid, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, at the rate of 29%, 14% and 29 %, respectively. Only one (14 %) isolate from stuffed mussel was classified as multidrug resistant to three antimicrobials. Furthermore, the isolates, related to O157 and O157:H7, presented different ribotypes in this study. The results provide useful data for the development of public health policy concerning the potential presence of pathogenic antimicrobial resistant E. coli serotypes in RTE foods. Strict surveillance of RTE foods at retail points for emerging pathogens, their antimicrobial resistance patterns and the potential likelihood of cross-contamination is required

Isolation, genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes in ready to eat foods

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLEIn this study, pathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes (E. coli O157:H7, O26, O111) and their molecular proximity and antimicrobial susceptibility were investigated in RTE foods. A total of 240 samples; consist of 105 stuffed mussel, 56 meatless cig kofte, 54 Russian salad, 25 cheese halva, were analyzed. The conventional culture and serotyping methods for determination of the organisms were performed and further confirmation by PCR was carried out. Confirmed E. coli O157 isolates were genotyped by the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus(ERIC)-PCR. Antibacterial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by disc diffusion method. E. coli was detected in 7 (2.9 %) of 240 samples, including 3 (5.5%) Russian salad, 3 (2.8%) stuffed mussel, 1 (4 %) cheese halva. Two isolates from Russian salad, 1 from stuffed mussel and 1 from cheese halva were identified as E. coli O157 . In addition, stuffed mussel isolate was found to carry stx1 ve hlyA genes whereas one Russian salad isolate carried the stx1 gene. E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to amoxycillin/clavulonic acid, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, at the rate of 29%, 14% and 29 %, respectively. Only one (14 %) isolate from stuffed mussel was classified as multidrug resistant to three antimicrobials. Furthermore, the isolates, related to O157 and O157:H7, presented different ribotypes in this study. The results provide useful data for the development of public health policy concerning the potential presence of pathogenic antimicrobial resistant E. coli serotypes in RTE foods. Strict surveillance of RTE foods at retail points for emerging pathogens, their antimicrobial resistance patterns and the potential likelihood of cross-contamination is required

Hayvansal gıdalarda Escherichia coli O157:H7'nin önemi

Shiga toksin üreten Escherichia coli (E. coli) ler hayatı tehdit eden hemolitik üremik sendrom (HUS), hemorajik kolitis, kanlı ve kansız diyare gibi farklı klinik bulgulara neden olan önemli bir gıda patojenidir. E. coli O157:H7nin klinik açıdan en önemli virulans faktörleri; shiga-like toksinler (stx1 ve stx2), intimin ve enterohemolizindir. E. coli O157:H7nin neden olduğu gıda kaynaklı enfeksiyonların çoğu çiğ et ve çiğ süt gibi sığır orjinli gıdalardan meydana gelmektedir. Etkenin neden olduğu enfeksiyonlarda antibiyotikler tedavi amacıyla kullanılmamalıdır. Antibiyotik uygulamalarının tedavide yardımcı olduğuna dair herhangi bir kanıt yoktur ayrıca antibiyotik alımı HUS riskini artırabilir. Bu nedenle E. coli O157:H7 enfeksiyonlarının önlenmesinde en önemli yol koruyucu tedbirlerdir

Elevated serum levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with Behçet disease

Behçet disease (BD) is an inflammatory, multisystemic vasculitis of unknown etiopathogenesis. However, innate and adaptive immune system involvement and immune-mediated networks play a vital role in the inflammatory cascade. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is activated in chronic inflammatory states and catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism along the kynurenine pathway (KP). The study aimed to measure KP metabolites levels in patients with BD and investigate the relationship between disease activity and clinical findings with these metabolites. The study included 120 patients with BD and 120 healthy volunteers. Serum TRP, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), and quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels were measured with the tandem mass spectrometric method. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, and disease activity score (BDCAF) were recorded. Serum KYN, KYNA, 3HK, 3HAA, QUIN levels, and KYN/TRP ratio were higher (p < 0.05) in patients with BD compared to the control group, while TRP levels were lower (p < 0.05). KYN/TRP ratio and QUIN levels were significantly higher in the presence of neuro-Behçet, while serum KYN levels were significantly higher in the presence of arthritis (p < 0.05). In addition, serum QUIN levels were significantly higher in the presence of thrombosis (p < 0.05). BDCAF score positively correlated with KYN/TRP ratio. Our findings showed that serum KP metabolite levels were elevated in patients with BD, and there is a relationship between these metabolites with disease activity, clinical findings, and inflammatory burden