IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE SERVICE SECTOR AND TRADE IN SERVICES IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES FINANCIAL SERVICES IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES

Note by the secretariat 1. The financial sector in countries of central and eastern Europe, the Baltics and the CIS has gone through dramatic changes during the transition period. The original State monobank has been replaced by a two-tier banking system across all countries in the region, and a considerable number of private commercial banks have emerged. The end of the 1980s – 1990s has witnessed the re-emergence of capital markets nourished by the privatization of State-owned enterprises and the inflow of foreign investment. Domestic, and, despite restrictions, foreign insurance companies have become increasingly important players on domestic financial markets. 2. Despite considerable progress, the financial services sector in many transition economies remains underdeveloped, commercial banks and other financial institutions being largely under-capitalized and small by western standards. According to recent research, at the end of the 1990s the aggregate values of bank deposits, outstanding corporate debt and stock market capitalization in relation to gross domestic product (GDP) in transition economies stood on average at 34 per cent, whereas the non-weighted average for OECD countries made up 198 per cent. 1 GE. 01-TRADE/2001/1/Add.

THE APPLICATION OF GENRE BASED APPROACH IN THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH TO THE EIGHTH GRADERS

Abstract: The aims of this study aimed to find out whether or not Genre Based Approach was effective to be used in teaching English for eighth graders of SMP Negeri 1 Indralaya Utara. The key informants of this study were the teachers of English, the English subject supervisor, and the students of grade eight. The method of this study was qualitative descriptive research. The qualitative data were obtained through interview, observation, and documentation. The result showed that the genre based approach was not effectiveuse for the students of eighth graders of SMP Negeri 1 Indralaya Utara, even though the teacher had applied all of the steps in genre based approach. The results of this study showed that not more than half students succeed in achieving the passing grade of English subject and the rest still got score under the passing grade. Keywords: effectiveness, genre based approach, teaching Englis

The regulatory cliff edge between contraception and abortion: the legal and moral significance of implantation

In regulating the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, English law has accorded particular significance to two biological events. First, ‘viability’, the moment when a fetus is said to acquire the capacity for independent life, plays an important role in grounding restrictions on access to legal abortion later in pregnancy. Second, equally significantly but far less frequently discussed, ‘implantation’ marks the point in pregnancy from which abortion laws apply. This paper focuses on this earlier biological event. It suggests that an unquestioning reliance on implantation as marking an appropriate moment of transition between two radically different legal frameworks is deeply problematic and is rendered still less sustainable in the light of the development of new technologies that potentially operate shortly after the moment of implantation

Equation of State for Exclusion Statistics in a Harmonic Well

We consider the equations of state for systems of particles with exclusion statistics in a harmonic well. Paradygmatic examples are noninteracting particles obeying ideal fractional exclusion statistics placed in (i) a harmonic well on a line, and (ii) a harmonic well in the Lowest Landau Level (LLL) of an exterior magnetic field. We show their identity with (i) the Calogero model and (ii) anyons in the LLL of an exterior magnetic field and in a harmonic well.Comment: latex file, 11 page

Is There A String Theory Landscape

We examine recent claims of a large set of flux compactification solutions of string theory. We conclude that the arguments for AdS solutions are plausible. The analysis of meta-stable dS solutions inevitably leads to situations where long distance effective field theory breaks down. We then examine whether these solutions are likely to lead to a description of the real world. We conclude that one must invoke a strong version of the anthropic principle. We explain why it is likely that this leads to a prediction of low energy supersymmetry breaking, but that many features of anthropically selected flux compactifications are likely to disagree with experiment.Comment: 39 pages, Latex, ``Terminology surrounding the anthropic principle revised to conform with accepted usage. More history of the anthropic principle included. Various references added.

Global, regional, and national burden of diseases and injuries for adults 70 years and older : systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study

Atte Meretoja työryhmän jäsenenäOBJECTIVES To use data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) to estimate mortality and disability trends for the population aged a70 and evaluate patterns in causes of death, disability, and risk factors. DESIGN Systematic analysis. SETTING Participants were aged a70 from 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability adjusted life years, life expectancy at age 70 (LE 70), healthy life expectancy at age 70 (HALE-70), proportion of years in ill health at age 70 (PYIH-70), risk factors, and data coverage index were estimated based on standardised GBD methods. RESULTS Globally the population of older adults has increased since 1990 and all cause death rates have decreased for men and women. However, mortality rates due to falls increased between 1990 and 2019. The probability of death among people aged 70-90 decreased, mainly because of reductions in non communicable diseases. Globally disability burden was largely driven by functional decline, vision and hearing loss, and symptoms of pain. LE-70 and HALE 70 showed continuous increases since 1990 globally, with certain regional disparities. Globally higher LE-70 resulted in higher HALE-70 and slightly increased PYIH-70. Sociodemographic and healthcare access and quality indices were positively correlated with HALE-70 and LE-70. For high exposure risk factors, data coverage was moderate, while limited data were available for various dietary, environmental or occupational, and metabolic risks. CONCLUSIONS Life expectancy at age 70 has continued to rise globally, mostly because of decreases in chronic diseases. Adults aged a70 living in high income countries and regions with better healthcare access and quality were found to experience the highest life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Disability burden, however, remained constant, suggesting the need to enhance public health and intervention programmes to improve wellbeing among older adults.Peer reviewe

Intrastrain genomic and phenotypic variability of the commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Zymaflore VL1 reveals microevolutionary adaptation to vineyard environments

The maintenance of microbial species in different environmental conditions is associated with adaptive microevolutionary changes that are shown here to occur within the descendants of the same strain in comparison with the commercial reference strain. However, scarce information is available regarding changes that occur among strain descendants during their persistence in nature. Herein we evaluate genome variations among four isolates of the commercial winemaking strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Zymaflore VL1 that were re-isolated from vineyards surrounding wineries where this strain was applied during several years, in comparison with the commercial reference strain. Comparative genome hybridization showed amplification of 14 genes among the recovered isolates being related with mitosis, meiosis, lysine biosynthesis, galactose and asparagine catabolism, besides 9 Ty elements. The occurrence of microevolutionary changes was supported by DNA sequencing that revealed 339-427 SNPs and 12-62 indels. Phenotypic screening and metabolic profiles also distinguished the recovered isolates from the reference strain. We herein show that the transition from nutrient-rich musts to nutritionally scarce natural environments induces adaptive responses and microevolutionary changes promoted by Ty elements and by nucleotide polymorphisms that were not detected in the reference strain.Ricardo Franco-Duarte and Ines Mendes are recipients of a fellowship from the Portuguese Science Foundation, FCT (SFRH/BD/48591/2008, SFRH/BD/74798/2010, respectively). Financial support was obtained from FEDER funds through the program COMPETE, by national funds through FCT by the projects FCOMP-01-0124-008775 (PTDC/AGR-ALI/103392/2008) and PTDC/AGR-ALI/121062/2010, and through the strategic funding UID/BIA/04050/2013.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio