On Centralizing and Generalized Derivations Of prime Rings with involution

 Let (R,∗) be a 2-torsion free ∗-prime ring with involution ∗, L= 0 be a nonzero square closed ∗-Lie ideal of R and Z the center of R. An additive mapping F: R −→ R is called a generalized derivation on R if there exists a derivation d: R−→Rcommutes with ∗ such that F(xy) = F(x)y +xd(y) holds for all x,y ∈ R. In the present paper, we shall show that L is contained in the center of R such that R admits a generalized derivations F and G with associated derivations d and g commute with ∗ satisfying several conditions

Importance of Ethnicity, CYP2B6 and ABCB1 Genotype for Efavirenz Pharmacokinetics and Treatment Outcomes: A Parallel-group Prospective Cohort Study in two sub-Saharan Africa Populations.

We evaluated the importance of ethnicity and pharmacogenetic variations in determining efavirenz pharmacokinetics, auto-induction and immunological outcomes in two African populations. ART naïve HIV patients from Ethiopia (n = 285) and Tanzania (n = 209) were prospectively enrolled in parallel to start efavirenz based HAART. CD4+ cell counts were determined at baseline, 12, 24 and 48 weeks. Plasma and intracellular efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefvairenz concentrations were determined at week 4 and 16. Genotyping for common functional CYP2B6, CYP3A5, ABCB1, UGT2B7 and SLCO1B1 variant alleles were done. Patient country, CYP2B6*6 and ABCB1 c.4036A>G (rs3842A>G) genotype were significant predictors of plasma and intracellular efavirenz concentration. CYP2B6*6 and ABCB1 c.4036A>G (rs3842) genotype were significantly associated with higher plasma efavirenz concentration and their allele frequencies were significantly higher in Tanzanians than Ethiopians. Tanzanians displayed significantly higher efavirenz plasma concentration at week 4 (p<0.0002) and week 16 (p = 0.006) compared to Ethiopians. Efavirenz plasma concentrations remained significantly higher in Tanzanians even after controlling for the effect of CYP2B6*6 and ABCB1 c.4036A>G genotype. Within country analyses indicated a significant decrease in the mean plasma efavirenz concentration by week 16 compared to week 4 in Tanzanians (p = 0.006), whereas no significant differences in plasma concentration over time was observed in Ethiopians (p = 0.84). Intracellular efavirenz concentration and patient country were significant predictors of CD4 gain during HAART. We report substantial differences in efavirenz pharmacokinetics, extent of auto-induction and immunologic recovery between Ethiopian and Tanzanian HIV patients, partly but not solely, due to pharmacogenetic variations. The observed inter-ethnic variations in efavirenz plasma exposure may possibly result in varying clinical treatment outcome or adverse event profiles between populations

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Optimization of the SO3 content of an Algerian Portland cement : Study on the effect of various amounts of gypsum on cement properties

International audiencePortland cement CEM I is obtained from (95–97%) of clinker and (3–5%) of gypsum, according to EN 197-1 (2011) standard. Sulfur trioxide SO3 is the main component of gypsum (Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O), it may also originate from clinker, the previous standard has limited its content in cement at 4%. It is known that the gypsum acts as a cement setting regulator, however, an appropriate gypsum quantity (optimum) may improve other properties such as: mechanical response, dimensional variations and hydration process. This optimum gypsum content is related to several parameters, namely: SO3 %, cement SSB (specific surface Blaine), C3A % and alkali %. The aim of this work is to find, through an experimental protocol, the optimum gypsum content of an Algerian Portland cement CEM I. 10 variants containing various % of gypsum were formulated, where properties of anhydrous cements, cement pastes and normalized cement mortars were studied. Results show that when gypsum is added below or above the optimum, water demand for normal consistency, setting times, compressive strength, heat of hydration, swelling, drying shrinkage and hydration degree were adversely affected. It has been experimentally demonstrated that this optimum gypsum content is 5.5% by weight

Morita context and Generalized (α, β)−Derivations

Let $R$ and $S$ be rings of a semi-projective Morita context, and $alpha, eta$ be automorphisms of $R$. An additive mapping $F$: $Ro R$ is called a generalized $(alpha,eta)$-derivation on $R$ if there exists an $(alpha,eta)$-derivation $d$: $Ro R$ such that$F(xy)=F(x)alpha(y)+eta(x)d(y)$ holds for all $x,y in R$. For any $x,y in R$, set $[x, y]_{alpha, eta} = x alpha(y) - eta(y) x$ and $(x circ y)_{alpha, eta} = x alpha(y) + eta(y) x$. In the present paper, we shall show that if the ring $S$ is reduced then it is a commutative, in a compatible way with the ring $R$ . Also, we obtain some results on bialgebras via Cauchy modules

Assessment Of Nitrogen Deposition: Modeling And Habitat Assessment

This study reviewed four widely used air quality models and concluded that simple Gaussian dispersion models, ISCST3 and AERMOD, are not suitable for modeling N deposition because they fail to represent chemical and phase transformations of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. It reviewed two models that do represent chemical speciation and formation of aerosols: CALPUFF and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. CALPUFF is a trajectory model that adopts several simplifications that raise important concerns regarding its accuracy. CMAQ is a photochemical grid model and includes state-of-the-art science algorithms. The study performed simulations using each model to assess nitrogen (N) deposition from a power plant. CALPUFF predicted slightly lower deposition rates than did CMAQ, and the spatial features of CALPUFF were poorly resolved. For CMAQ, the study simulated calendar year 2002 to develop baseline N deposition estimates throughout California, and then performed a sensitivity simulation with the new power plant to calculate the change in N deposition. The CMAQ predicted higher deposition rates than the CALPUFF model and provided finer spatial resolution. However, the CMAQ model exhibited numerical noise. The authors recommend exploring other photochemical grid models that might have less numerical noise than CMAQ. Perhaps the most significant outcome of this work is the CMAQ model-simulated baseline annual N deposition for a 4-kilometer resolution grid on a domain that includes much of California. These data have also been converted into an ASCII format that can be readily imported into ArcGIS or other GIS software and used in future ecosystem studies of the effects of N deposition and soil nitrification

The Limits of Free Health Care Schemes: the Case of Access to Care for Beneficiaries of the Moroccan Medical Assistance Scheme (RAMed) Suffering From Cancer

Abstract Background: The article discusses the limitations of a free-of-charge scheme for the poor in the case of cancer patients. The literature on free access to hospitals, especially on the African continent, has already mentioned these limits: occasional payments for care and transport. The particularly ambitious Moroccan free-of-charge scheme (RAMEd) presents the same problemsMethods: It is based on a qualitative survey of 120 patients and 30 doctors or nurses with whom we conducted semi-structured interviews over several months.Results: The results show that patients continue to pay for care and medical imaging as well as their transport to the hospital. They pay for care and examinations that are not available at the hospital or wait for them to be available, which is a danger to their chances of survival.Conclusions: The limitation of the RAMed is that it does not cover the cost of transport or the structural deficiencies of the hospital. The result is the paradox of a free service that is costly for patients. We stress that targeted policies cannot replace structural policies and, on their own, do not remedy inequalities, particularly territorial inequalities

β-Defensin genomic copy number is associated with HIV viral load and immune reconstitution in sub-Saharan Africans

AIDS, caused by the retrovirus HIV, is the leading cause of death of economically-active people (age 15 59) in sub-Saharan Africa. It is characterised by high HIV viral load and reduced (<200 cells/mm3) CD4 + T-cell count. b-defensins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial genes that are also chemotactic for dendritic cells and T-cells through the CCR6. b-defensin genes have previously been shown to be copy number variable, that is, different individuals have different numbers of the same gene. In this cohort study we analysed the relationship between b-defensin genomic copy number and HIV viral load immediately prior to initiation of retroviral treatment in 627 Ethiopian and 325 Tanzanian HIV patients, some co-infected with tuberculosis. We also measured the response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) by measuring follow-up CD4+ T-cell counts and viral load counts in a subsection of these patients. We found that high b-defensin copy number was associated with increased baseline HIV viral load, independent of co-infection with tuberculosis and population of origin. We also found that high b-defensin copy number was associated with impaired immune reconstitution after initiation of HAART, as measured by CD4 count up to 48 weeks follow-up and virological failure (persistence of viremia with viral load >200 copies/ml). Given the known chemotactic role of b-de-fensins, our data suggest a model where b-defensins recruit HIV- permissive Th17 lymphocytes to mucosal sites via the chemokine receptor CCR6. E. Hollox and E. Aklillu are joint senior author