An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: impacts on organisms and ecosystems

New information on the lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on organisms is presented in this review, complementing the previous WIA in 2015. The high toxicity of these systemic insecticides to invertebrates has been confirmed and expanded to include more species and compounds. Most of the recent research has focused on bees and the sublethal and ecological impacts these insecticides have on pollinators. Toxic effects on other invertebrate taxa also covered predatory and parasitoid natural enemies and aquatic arthropods. Little, while not much new information has been gathered on soil organisms. The impact on marine coastal ecosystems is still largely uncharted. The chronic lethality of neonicotinoids to insects and crustaceans, and the strengthened evidence that these chemicals also impair the immune system and reproduction, highlights the dangers of this particular insecticidal classneonicotinoids and fipronil. , withContinued large scale – mostly prophylactic – use of these persistent organochlorine pesticides has the potential to greatly decreasecompletely eliminate populations of arthropods in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Sublethal effects on fish, reptiles, frogs, birds and mammals are also reported, showing a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity of these insecticides in vertebrates, and their deleterious impacts on growth, reproduction and neurobehaviour of most of the species tested. This review concludes with a summary of impacts on the ecosystem services and functioning, particularly on pollination, soil biota and aquatic invertebrate communities, thus reinforcing the previous WIA conclusions (van der Sluijs et al. 2015)

Prevenção e controle de infecção em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal

Objetivou-se identificar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal(UTIN) sobre o controle de infecção, identificando os fatores que facilitam ou dificultam o controle e prevençãodas Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência a Saúde (IRAS). Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizadocom três enfermeiras e 15 técnicas de enfermagem, que atuam em uma UTIN de uma instituição filantrópica, naregião sul do Brasil. Evidenciou-se que a equipe de enfermagem possui grande conhecimento sobre os fatores quefacilitam a prevenção e controle das IRAS em UTIN, sendo o principal, a higienização das mãos. Entre os fatoresque dificultam o controle e prevenção, estão a superlotação e a excessiva carga de trabalho. A atuação eficiente equalificada da equipe de enfermagem constitui-se em estratégia de prevenção e controle das IRAS