A captação de patrocínio privado direcionada aos interesses dos clubes esportivos de atletismo no Brasil

O presente trabalho foi idealizado a partir de uma realidade cíclica do esporte brasileiro e especificamente da modalidade do atletismo. Os projetos para o esporte, de uma maneira geral, apresentam valores inexpressivos de investimentos privados para alcançar o alto rendimento do atleta, com alguma participação do governo. Sendo assim, foram alinhadas algumas teorias mais relevantes da administração, bem como a realização de uma pesquisa direcionada a gestores da área esportiva para embasar todo o processo investigativo. Nesse contexto, será tipificado o perfil do esporte em geral, mas com o enfoque mais apurado para o atletismo. Desta forma, o estudo irá elencar fatores que dificultam a execução de uma política esportiva para extrair todo o potencial das estruturas dos clubes e entidades representativas do esporte; da condição genética miscigenada do atleta brasileiro; e da capacidade dos gestores multidisciplinares do esporte. Isto poderá proporcionar a visão de um horizonte de melhorias, mediante análise de ferramentas como a do marketing e da tecnologia, caracterizadas pelas mídias digitais. Através delas, é possível compor um cenário que condicione a construção de um projeto que viabilize possíveis soluções de gestão. Utilizando o trabalho como uma fonte de estudo para despertar uma visão holística dos envolvidos no que tange a redução do déficit de investimentos privados no Brasil para o esporte. Em análise final, fica evidenciado o espaço existente para uma proposição de captação de patrocínio privado que aproxime os interesses dos patrocinadores com os da modalidade do atletismo brasileiro.The present work was idealized from a cyclic reality of the Brazilian sport and specifically from the athletics modality. Projects for sports, in general, have inexpressive values of private investments to achieve the athlete's high performance, with some government participation. Thus, some of the most relevant management theories were aligned, as well as doing a research directed to managers from sports area to support the entire investigative process. In this context, the sport profile in general will be typified, but with the focus more accurate to athletics. Thus, the study will list factors that hinder the implementation of a sports policy to extract the full potential of the structures of clubs and sports representative entities; of the mixed genetic condition of the Brazilian athlete; and the ability of multidisciplinary managers from sports area. This may provide a vision of the horizon of improvements upon analysis tools such as marketing and technology, characterized by digital media. Through them, it is possible to compose a scenario that enables the construction of a project to achieve feasible management solutions, using a source of study to bring a holistic vision of those involved with regard to reducing the private investment deficit in Brazil for the sport. Finally, it is evident that there is a space to propose a private sponsorship fundraising that brings the sponsors interests closer to those of the Brazilian athletics modality

Septic arthritis of the knee: clinical and laboratory comparison of groups with different etiologies

OBJECTIVES: To clinically and epidemiologically characterize a population diagnosed with and treated for septic arthritis of the knee, to evaluate the treatment results and to analyze the differences between patients with positive and negative culture results, patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates and patients with S. aureus- and non-S. aureus-related infections. METHODS: One hundred and five patients with septic knee arthritis were included in this study. The clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed to compare patients with and without an isolated causative agent, patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and patients with S. aureus-related and non S. aureus-related infections. RESULTS: Causative agents were isolated in 81 patients. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 65 patients and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated in 16 patients. The most commonly isolated bacterium was S. aureus. Comparing cases with an isolated pathogen to cases without an isolated pathogen, no differences between the studied variables were found except for the longer hospital stays of patients in whom an etiological agent was identified. When comparing Gram-positive bacteria with Gram-negative bacteria, patients with Gram-positive-related infections exhibited higher leukocyte counts. Patients with S. aureus-related infections were more frequently associated with healthcare-related environmental encounters. CONCLUSION: S. aureus is the most common pathogen of septic knee arthritis. Major differences were not observed between infections with isolated and non-isolated pathogens and between infections with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. S. aureus infections were more likely to be associated with a prior healthcare environment exposure

Evaluation of the spermicidal action by the action of majority compounds of essential oils / Avaliação da ação espermicida pela ação dos compostos maiores de óleos essenciais

1 INTRODUCTIONThe use of contraceptives is a recurrent method among sexually active teenagers belonging to this populational group, reiterating the psychosocial questions and the negative approach of gestation in this age range. The epidemiological numbers obtained in the last decade in Brazil registered by the Sistema de Informações Sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) and the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), currently, 66% of pregnancies in adolescents are unwanted, stimulate the use, and primarily, the production of new methods to prevent pregnancy (BRASIL, 2017; OLIVEIRA, 2012).Nowadays, several contraceptive methods are described by the medical literature as an alternative to avoid unplanned pregnancy. Among the best-known are the mechanical methods with the male condom as its foremost representative, besides the vaginal diaphragms (GÓMEZ et al., 2007). There are also chemical barrier methods, such as vaginal spermicides; among these are creams, gels, foaming aerosols, along with others, which are, for the most part, made based on Nonoxynol-9. This compound is capable of causing cervical and vaginal irritative effects that can indulge the appearance of infectious microorganisms and/or the increase of proliferation of microorganisms specific to this microbiota, such as lactobacilli (SCHREIBER et al., 2006).Several pieces of research are being developed in countries like the United States, England, India, and China in search of new spermicidal contraceptives that do not result in significant side effects (SILVA et al., 2003). Thus, there is a need to replace these spermicidal agents with safer and more effective alternatives, such as natural contraceptives. The objective of this work was to investigate the action of alternative spermicidal agents, evaluating in vitro spermicidal activity of plant extracts from endemic plants in Northeastern Brazil. 2 METHODOLOGY            The project was developed in partnership with Dr. Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE/Recife), who already has a license from the ethics committee for collection and analysis of human semen (Plataforma Brasil, Parecer N° 02604312.6.0000.5203). Semen samples were collected by voluntary donors after a period of sexual abstinence and sent to the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microscopy of the UPE Campus Garanhuns, for in vitro tests. The method was followed according to Gallego et al. (2012), where the semen was thinned in a saline solution and incubated with four types of oily plant extracts from the plants Myracrodruon urundeuva (casca de aroeira), Leonotis nepetaefolia (flor de cordão-de-frade), Hymenaea courbaril (casca de jatobá) e Stryphnodendron barbatiman (casca de barbatimão), from a quilombola community in Garanhuns town.In the Cellular and Molecular Biology laboratory, each type of extract was added to fresh human semen in a 1:1 ratio, where 10 µL of the mixture was collected to assess mobility/viability using an optical microscope (40X) in a range from 0 to 30 minutes. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONBoth samples of human semen used were in the standards indicated by the World Health Organization (2010), which guides relevant aspects such as volume (? 1.5 mL), total motility (? 40%), and sperm vitality (? 58 %). It was determined that M. urundeuva; L. nepetaefolia; H. courbaril; and S. barbatiman extracts designated, in the course of 30 min, an effect on the decrease of the progressive sperm motility, which is fundamental for the success of fertilization. It was also observed that the rate of the spermicidal effect was assorted according to the types of extract. The extracts of H. courbaril and S. barbatiman resulted in a 50% decrease in the viability of the sperm cells, while the other extracts displayed a reduction of 20 to 35% (Figure 1).The results suggest that at least two extracts manifested favorable results in the decay of sperm mobility, compared to the control group, which had a higher index of viable cells. The research by Paul et al. (2006), demonstrated similar results found in the current study, sperm viability decreased significantly around 50%, within the same 30 min. Also taken into consideration, when exposed to the extract of Achyranthes aspera and Stephania hernandifolia. Gallego et al. (2012), also appraised and obtained satisfactory results regarding the spermicidal activity of vegetables (Muehlenbeckia platyclada, Zanthoxylum lenticulare and Piper subpedale) in more than 40% in immobilization on human sperm, similar results to two of the tested extracts.Another study carried out in 2013, by Medina et al., indicated that the extract of the plant Sapindus saponaria L. produced an immobilizing but non-lethal effect on human sperm, due to extracts have much more marked effect on mobility (decrease progressive mobility or increased immobility), this characteristic of a larger effect on mobility also coincided with extracts from plants in the Northeast. It is observed that some extracts have an action that reflects more on the mobility parameter, instead of viability. Notwithstanding, both results are important factors for sperm infeasibility, thus, hence presenting spermicidal activity. Therefore, it is proven that endemic plants of the Northeast region can be used and further investigated as to their action as chemical barrier agents, which make sperm viability impossible for a potential pregnancy.The plants utilized in the referring research in vitro and reported in the literature by other researchers can perform as subsidies that minimize the irritative-inflammatory damages in the vaginal flora, provoked by the current spermicides manufactured with the base of Nonoxynol-9. Since, the different chemical components of spermicides that exist today can cause damage to the vaginal epithelium due to lack of cell specificity, which implies that it affects not only the viability of the sperm but also the superficial cells of the epithelium (AITKEN et al., 2011). Fig. 1. Effect of plant extracts of Myracrodruon urundeuva, Leonotis nepetaefolia, Hymenaea courbaril e Stryphnodendron barbatiman on the in vitro sperm motility of human semen.  4 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS OR CONCLUSIONSIt may be concluded that all plant extracts, especially the extracts obtained from H. courbaril and S. barbatiman have some factor with spermicidal properties, reducing the motility of human sperm in vitro. However, this reduction can still be considered low, since compromises contraceptive efficiency. Therefore, other extracts will be tested in vitro, to obtain a product with greater efficiency in the spermicidal action.

Gram-negative osteomyelitis: clinical and microbiological profile

Introduction: Despite the growing interest in the study of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) infections, very little information on osteomyelitis caused by GNB is available in the medical literature. Objectives and methods: To assess clinical and microbiological features of 101 cases of osteomyelitis caused by GNB alone, between January 2007 and January 2009, in a reference center for the treatment of high complexity traumas in the city of Sao Paulo. Results: Most patients were men (63%), with median age of 42 years, affected by chronic osteomyelitis (43%) or acute osteomyelitis associated to open fractures (32%), the majority on the lower limbs (71%). The patients were treated with antibiotics as inpatients for 40 days (median) and for 99 days (median) in outpatient settings. After 6 months follow-up, the clinical remission rate was around 60%, relapse 19%, amputation 7%, and death 5%. Nine percent of cases were lost to follow-up. A total of 121 GNB was isolated from 101 clinical samples. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Enterobacter sp. (25%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%). Susceptibility to carbapenems was about 100% for Enterobacter sp., 75% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 60% for Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusion: Osteomyelitis caused by GNB remains a serious therapeutic challenge, especially when associated to nonfermenting bacteria. We emphasize the need to consider these agents in diagnosed cases of osteomyelitis, so that an ideal antimicrobial treatment can be administered since the very beginning of the therapy. (C) 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.Merck Sharp and DohmeMerck Sharp and Dohm

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file