EAGGLE : um modelo de programação linear para otimização de estratégias de mitigação de gases de efeito estufa em sistemas de produção de gado de corte

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Moretti, Luis Gustavo BarioniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação CientíficaResumo: O Brasil e um dos primeiros países em desenvolvimento a se comprometer com metas de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). As metas estabelecidas requerem uma redução entre 36,1% a 38,9% relativos as emissões estimadas para 2020. Focando na regiao central do Cerrado, responsavel por cerca de 35% da producao total de carne bovina do Brasil, este estudo estima as emissoes totais de GEE de 2006 a 2030. O estudo tambem identifica o custo efetivo do potencial de reducao das emissoes. A analise foi feito por meio da construcao de um modelo de programacao linear, batizado de "EAGGLE" (Analise Econômica dos Gases de Efeito Estufa das Emissoes da Pecuária), que representa um sistema de producao de gado de corte a pasto, com e sem suplementação, e confinamento. Um segundo modelo foi desenvolvido para estimar os estoques de carbono no solo sob pastagens com diferentes níveis de produtividade. Neste modelo e simulado o efeito da degradação, manutenção, recuperação, e dinâmica de mudança de uso da terra nos estoques de carbono. Os resultados mostraram que, no cenário de referencia, a regiao vai emitir cerca de 1,2 Gt de CO2 entre 2010 a 2020, o que equivale a 8% das emissoes liquidas totais do pais. Um conjunto de tecnologias de mitigação de GEE, foram analisados através da construcao de Curvas de Custo de Abatimento Marginal (CCAM). Os resultados indicam que ate 2030, a regiao e capaz de reduzir as emissoes em 24,3 Mt de CO2 equivalente por ano (CO2e/yr), utilizando tecnologias com custo efetivo negativo, enquanto que o potencial de reducao total apresentado pelas CCAM e 24.7MtCO2e.yr-1. Uma analise de sensibilidade foi feita para avaliar o potencial de mitigação da recuperação de pastagens em função de variações na demanda por carne. Ao contrario do que poderia se esperar, os resultados mostraram que, se as projeções de demanda diminuírem em 10%, 20% ou 30 %, ate 2030, as emissoes totais para o período aumentam em 1%, 4% e 5%, em GWP, respectivamente. Em contrapartida, considerando que as projeções de demanda cresçam em 10%, 20%, ou 30%, ate 2030, haverá uma reducao de 2%, 3 % e 4% do total das emissoes de GEE, respectivamente. Isto sugere que a recuperação de pastagens e capaz de compensar as emissoes diretas de CH4 e N2O pelo gado brasileiro, devido ao aumentando das taxas de seqüestro de carbono do soloAbstract: Brazil is one of the first major developing countries to commit to a national emissions target that requires a reduction of between 36.1% and 38.9% relative to baseline emissions by 2020. Focusing on the Cerrado core (Central Brazilian Savanna), responsible for about 35% of the country's beef production, this study estimates the region GHG emissions from 2006 to 2030. This work also investigates the cost-effectiveness of the GHG abatement potential. The analysis was made by means of a construction of linear programing (LP) model, coined EAGGLE (Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gases for Livestock Emissions). The LP model represents a beef production system under grazing and feedlot finishing. A second model was developed to estimate the C stocks under pastures soils with different dry-matter productivity. In this model it is simulated the effects of degradation, maintenance, restoration end the land use change dynamics over the C stocks. As a baseline, the region is going to emit 1.2 Gt from 2010 to 2020, the equivalent of 8% of the country's total liquid emissions. A set of mitigation measures, applicable to Brazil, were analyzed by constructing a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC). The results show that by 2030 the region could reduce emissions by 24.3 MtCO2e.yr-1 with negative costs; while total abatement potential shown by the MACC is 24.7MtCO2e.yr-1. Pasture restoration, involving avoided deforestation, offers the largest contribution to these results. Sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate the abatement potential of pasture restoration against variations in beef demand. Counterintuitively, the results showed, if demand projections decreases by 10%, 20% or 30% until 2030, the total liquid emissions for the period increases 1%, 4%, and 5%, in GWP, respectively. Whereas increasing demand projections by 10%, 20%, and 30% until 2030, there will be a reduction of 2%, 3% and 4% in total liquid GHG emissions for the period. This suggests that PR is able to offset the cattle direct emissions of CH4 and N2O by boosting carbon soil sequestration ratesMestradoMatematica AplicadaMestre em Matemática Aplicad

Innovations in cryoconservation of animal genetic resources: SECTION 4 The economics of gene banking:Animal Production and Health Guideline

The livestock sector faces a range of challenges, including climate change, emerging diseases, competition for natural resources and evolving demand for animal-source foods, which is increasing globally, especially in developing countries. Genetic diversity of livestock is a key resource for allowing livestock keepers to address these challenges, but this diversity has been in a state of decline. The diminishing genetic diversity thus represents yet another obstacle for sustainable livestock production. Cryoconservation (i.e. ex situ – in vitro conservation) of genetic resources through gene banking provides one of the most powerful tools governments and other stakeholders have to manage genetic diversity in both the short and long term and thereby provide future generations with the tools to meet the challenges ahead.Gene banking genetic resources fits within the context of the Global Plan of Action forAnimal Genetic Resources, which was developed and adopted by FAO Member Nations.Specifically, Strategic Priority 9 of the Global Plan of Action is “Establish or strengthen ex situ conservation programmes” and Strategic Priority 11 urges countries to “Develop approaches and technical standards for conservation. To assist countries in the implementation the Global Plan of Action, FAO worked with experts from around the world to prepare technical guidelines. In 2012 FAO published FAO Guidelines on Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources.Gene banking is a long-term effort that needs to be viewed in terms of decades rather than years, as demonstrated by similar systems for agricultural crops. The responsibility for establishing such resources lies squarely within governments’ roles of providing public goods and food security. Gene banking of animal genetic resources is a technology-intense undertaking and the associated technologies are in a continual state of research and development. The livestock sector also continues to evolve rapidly. Since the development and release of the previous guidelines, numerous changes have taken place. Critical among these is a greater appreciation of the opportunities for actively utilizing cryopreserved material to enhance management of in vivo populations, rather than as simply an “insurance policy” to protect breeds against extinction.This key development has led to further changes in gene bank management. First, interaction with users of the stored material has increased. This in turn has created a need to involve stakeholders more closely in the management of genetic collections and to better monitor and document the processes of gene banking to ensure quality management.Measures have been developed to help ensure high health and sanitary standards. New models and methods have been proposed for utilization of collections in the management of genetic diversity in vivo. Greater potential demand for stored material has also increased the need for expanded procedures and legal instruments, in some instances, to ensur

Using Latent Semantic Indexing as a metric for evaluating research potentialities through Innovation Public Policies

Public innovation policies usually define strategies for Public research organizations, such as universities, in order to guide the next research projects of such organizations. Sometimes, it is difficult to know the actual state of an organization when a new policy is released by the government. The objective of this paper is to present the application of Latent Semantic Analysis, a technique of information retrieval, in order to create an index and automatically classify research projects, using text fields like title and abstract, to areas and subareas defined by related terms. It is also proposed a case study of about 200 projects from five graduate programs of the Universidade Federal do Tocantins. The proposed solution was capable of satisfactorily classify each project to the areas and subareas of a recent policy from the Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications Ministry. In this way, the university could have some decision-making information, and the results could sustain for which internal policies could be implemented to maximize its actuation faced to the national innovation policy

Multilayer graphene in the interplay with different photocatalyst architectures for the hydrogen evolution reaction

The use of graphene as co-component for nanostructured materials has led to the claim of improving efficiencies of solar cells, fuel cells and particular in photocatalytic systems for solar water splitting. As a result of exceptional conductivity properties it is believed that graphene might always enhance the separation of charge carriers, consequently increasing photocatalytic performances. However, herein is demonstrated that employing graphene in different configurations, i.e. powder suspension, multicomponent aerogel and electrode, the photocatalytic enhancement is rather case sensitive.Die Verwendung von Graphen als Co-Komponente in Solarzellen, Brennstoffzellen oder in photokatalytischen Systemen zur Wasserspaltung führte zu der allgemeinen Annahme, dass mittels dieser Materialien ein effizienterer Betrieb möglich ist. Als Folge seiner außergewöhnlichen Leitfähigkeit wird angenommen, dass Graphen immer durch Ladungsträgertrennung konsequenterweise die photokatalytische Leistungsfähigkeit erhöht. Die verschiedenen Studien dieser Arbeit zeigten jedoch, dass der Einfluss vielmehr fallsensitiv, wie beim Einsatz in multikomponenten Suspensionen, Aerogelen oder Elektroden, ist

Educação estética em Marcuse: avaliação em Filosofia para além do textual

The dissertation presents the development and result of a theoretical-practical research that appropriates the reflections of the philosopher Herbert Marcuse on the aesthetic dimension to think interdisciplinary didactic-pedagogical activities, more specifically, those directed to the evaluation in Teaching Philosophy. The practice of teaching in the classroom was based on a methodology of Philosophy Teaching that stimulated criticism, in the framework of the Critical Theory of Society, although the fulcrum of the research was what we call “aesthetic evaluation”, a way of evaluating that it stimulated a process of teaching and learning philosophy in na alternative form – singing, painting, photographing, etc. -, without running away from reading and text and philosophical themes and problems dealt with in the History of Philosophy. The objective was to verify to what extent the aesthetic evaluations, that use artistic parameters, can contribute in a formative process. The interventions took place in 2017 with four 1st year classes of high school, from Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins (IFTO/Campus Palmas). About 120 students took part in the research, in a context in which two weekly classes, with fifty minutes each, served to apply the interventions. The aesthetic evaluations related Philosophy and Arts starting from art as reflection for the textual production and, in most cases, the philosophical text for artistic production. The students were led to produce philosophical texts interpreting artistic forms but, above all, they were instigated to present different artistic expressions of philosophical themes treated in the classroom. The qualitative research followed the methodological assumptions of Critical Theory to highlight the contradictions in the process of contemporary educational formation and, more specifically, the evaluation in Philosophy, trying to bring the syntheses from a theoretical investigation that merges with the interpretation of the contents present in the students’ productions. The analysis and interpretation of the data have brought important indicatives to this methodology of Philosophy Teaching and to the process of evaluation, namely, that the practice of interdisciplinary in Teaching Philosophy with Arts is an indispensable alternative in the critical process of teaching and learning, as well as presenting a way of evaluating the value of students’ philosophical and artistic productions.A dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento e o resultado de uma pesquisa teórico-prática que se apropria das reflexões do filósofo Herbert Marcuse sobre a dimensão estética para pensar atividades didático-pedagógicas interdisciplinares, mais especificamente, aquelas direcionadas para a avaliação no Ensino de Filosofia. A prática de ensino em sala de aula se pautou em uma metodologia do Ensino de Filosofia que estimulou a crítica, nos moldes da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, embora o fulcro da pesquisa tenha sido o que denominamos “avaliação estética”, uma forma de avaliar que estimulou um processo de ensino e aprendizagem em filosofia de forma alternativa - cantando, pintando, fotografando etc. -, sem fugir da leitura e do texto e dos temas e problemas filosóficos tratados na História da Filosofia. O objetivo foi verificar em que medida as avaliações estéticas, que utilizam parâmetros artísticos, podem contribuir no processo formativo. As intervenções ocorreram em 2017 com quatro turmas de 1° ano do Ensino Médio, do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins (IFTO/Campus Palmas). Cerca de 120 estudantes participaram da pesquisa, num contexto em que duas aulas semanais, com cinquenta minutos cada, serviram para aplicação das intervenções. As avaliações estéticas relacionaram Filosofia e Artes partindo ora da arte como reflexão para a produção textual e, na maioria das vezes, do texto filosófico para a produção artística. Os estudantes foram levados a produzir textos filosóficos interpretando formas artísticas, mas, sobretudo, foram instigados a apresentar diferentes expressões artísticas sobre os temas filosóficos tratados em sala de aula. A pesquisa qualitativa seguiu os pressupostos metodológicos da Teoria Crítica para evidenciar as contradições no processo de formação educacional contemporânea e, mais especificamente, da avaliação em Filosofia, procurando trazer as sínteses a partir de uma investigação teórica que se funde com a interpretação dos conteúdos presentes nas produções dos estudantes. A análise e a interpretação dos dados trouxeram indicativos relevantes para essa metodologia do Ensino de Filosofia e para o processo de avaliação, a saber, que a prática da interdisciplinaridade no Ensino de Filosofia com as Artes se constitui uma alternativa indispensável no processo crítico de ensino e aprendizagem, além de apresentar uma forma de avaliar que valoriza a produção filosófica e artística dos estudantes

O permiano da bacia de Sergipe-Alagoas.

Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Evolu??o Crustal e Recursos Naturais. Departamento de Geologia, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.A Forma??o Aracar? representa o Eopermiano da fase de sin?clise paleozoica da bacia de SergipeAlagoas. Suas rochas afloram principalmente na regi?o central da bacia. Diversas campanhas de campo resultaram no levantamento de cinco perfis estratigr?ficos, nos quais foram identificadas 28 f?cies sedimentares. Para um melhor entendimento dessas f?cies, 30 l?minas delgadas foram confeccionadas, 15 amostras foram selecionadas para an?lises de difratometria de raios X, 40 para an?lises geoqu?micas de elementos maiores, menores e tra?os, e tr?s amostras de rochas carbon?ticas para an?lises isot?picas de carbono e oxig?nio. As se??es sedimentares s?o compostas predominantemente por arenitos estratificados, cherts, carbonatos silicificados, dolomitos finos e pelitos silicicl?sticos a mistos. As f?cies identificadas foram reunidas em seis associa??es de f?cies que refletem as condi??es paleoambientais. AF1 ? denominada de continental e?lico-fluvial e ? composta de arenitos variando entre finos a grossos, com estratifica??es tangenciais e tabulares. A AF2 representa uma plan?cie de mar? mista composta por sedimentos pel?ticos com estruturas de ressecamento, microbialitos laminados com teepees, ritmitos heterol?ticos tipo linsen e packstones intracl?sticos. A AF3 ? composta por mudstones laminados, siltitos maci?os verde e folhelhos escuros, sendo interpretada como dep?sitos de laguna protegida. A AF4 representa dep?sitos gerados por onda da zona de Foreshore/shoreface sendo composta por arenitos com estratifica??es cruzadas de baixo ?ngulo e grainstones silicificados. As f?cies representativas da barreira protetora da laguna est?o agrupadas na AF5, sendo elas: grainstones ooidais, trombolitos e estromat?litos. A AF6, interpretada como tidal inlets de liga??o entre a laguna protegida e a regi?o aberta de alta energia, ? composta por grainstones intracl?sticos e brechas mistas. As principais fei??es diagen?ticas observadas nas an?lises petrogr?fica foram silicifica??es eodiagen?ticas nos carbonatos, dissolu??es de feldspatos e litoclastos e sobrecrescimento de quartzo em mesodiag?nese. As an?lises geoqu?micas revelaram elevados teores de s?lica na maioria das amostras, resultado do aporte de terr?genos e dos consp?cuos processos de silicifica??o. Resultados dos percentuais de elementos maiores, menores, tra?o e terras raras, assim com suas rela??es, refor?aram a import?ncia do aporte terr?geno e corroboraram a hip?tese de uma deposi??o em ambiente plataformal em condi??es oxidantes. Infelizmente, a intensidade dos processos diagen?ticos alteraram o sinal prim?rio dos carbonatos amostrados, o que dificultou a correla??o dos resultados de is?topos est?veis com dados do Eopermiano dispon?veis na literatura. O conjunto de resultados obtido mostrou que os dep?sitos da Forma??o Aracar? compunham um ambiente costeiro com uma rampa de sedimenta??o mista adjacente, sendo parte um mar epicontinental. O paleoambiente, definindo internamente um sistema lagunar controlado por plan?cies de mar? protegido da regi?o da alta energia por shoals carbon?ticos e constru??es microbiais. Na regi?o costeira haveria campos de dunas e rios de pequeno porte desaguando em pequenos deltas dentro ou fora do sistema lagunar alimentando o ambiente marinho com gr?os terr?genos. A regi?o, localizada entre as latitudes de 40? e 50?, situaria-se no chamado cintur?o ?rido, no centro do paleocontinente Gondwana. O clima semi?rido com mon??es, com altern?ncia de per?odos mais secos com eventos de grande pluviosidade, ficou refletido nas f?cies descritas, em que dep?sitos e?licos associado a tapetes microbiais se intercalam com f?cies carbon?ticas com grande aporte terr?geno e camadas com troncos f?sseis de pterid?fitas silicificados. Destaque para a ocorr?ncia das esp?culas silicosas de esponjas, a grande diversifica??o de camadas de cherts e os carbonatos com diferentes graus de substitui??o por polimorfos de s?lica. As an?lises qu?micas confirmaram a origem biog?nica da s?lica, apontando como principal fonte as esp?culas de esponjas. A aus?ncia, por?m, de espiculitos n?o permitiu uma correla??o com o modelo de glass ramps; por?m, tudo indica que as silicifica??es encontradas tenham uma rela??o direta com o chamado o Permian Chert Event (PCE). Apesar da contribui??o dos resultados para a uma melhor compreens?o do Eopermiano na Bacia de Sergipe-Alagoas, como tantos outros trabalhos, o presente estudo criou novas perguntas, que podem vir a ser respondidas atrav?s de pesquisas futuras com mais dados de is?topos est?veis, detalhamento das an?lises nos cherts e data??es radiom?tricas dos dep?sitos da Forma??o Aracar?.The Aracar? Formation represents a relict of the Eopermian sedimentation in the paleozoic brazilian sineclises located in the actual Sergipe-Alagoas basin. The principal outcrops of the formation are located in the central area of the basin. 28 sedimentary facies were identified over five stratigraphic profiles produced during the field trips. For a better understood of the facies, 30 thin section were made and 15 samples were analyzed in XRD. Besides that, 40 samples were selected for geochemistry analysis and three for isotopic analysis of carbon and oxygen. The sedimentary sections are composed predominantly by sandstone with cross bedding, cherts, silicified carbonates, dolomites and mixed pelites. The facies identified were grouped in six facies associations reflecting the paleoenvironments conditions. FA1 called continental eolic-fluvial is composed of sandstones fine to grain with through a planar cross bedding. FA2 represents a mixed tidal flat composed of pelites with dryness structures, laminated microbialites with teepees structures, linsen heterolithic ritmits and packstones with intraclasts. FA3 is composed of laminated mudstones, green siltistones and other pelites with variable colors, interpreted as lagoon deposits. FA4 represents deposits generated by waves in the foreshore/shoreface zone, composed by sandstones with low angle stratification, silicified grainstones and coquinas. The barrier that protects the lagoon is represented by FA5, which if composed by grainstones with ooides, trombolites and stromatolites. The FA6 is interpreted as tidal inlets linking low energy environment of lagoon and the open sea. This FA is composed by grainstones with intraclastos and mixed breccias. The principal?s diagenetic features observed in the petrographic analysis were eodiagenetic silicifications in the carbonates, feldspar and litoclasts dissolution and quartz overgrowth in mesodiagenesis. The geochemistry results showed elevated amounts of silica in most of the samples due to high terrigenous supply and conspicuous silicification processes. The major, minor and traces elements results reinforce the importance of the terrigenous supply and corroborate the hypothesis of a deposition in a plataformal shore in oxidation conditions. Unfortunately, correlations of the isotopic results with Eopermian available data were unable due the intensity of the diagenetic processes that altered the primary signal of the carbonates. The outcome obtained, showed that Aracar? Formation was composed by a coastal ramp with mixed sedimentation been a part of an epicontinental sea. The paleoenvironment was defined internally as lagoon system controlled by tidal flats and protected by the carbonate shoals and microbialites from high the high energy waves of the open sea. Around the subaqueous environment, field dunes and small rivers flowing into the sea in small deltas inside or outside the lagoon feeds the marine system with terrigenous material. The was located in the latitudes 40? and 50?, inserted in the so-called arid belt in the center of Gondwana. The semiarid climate associated with monsoons associated with alternation with dryer high pluviosity periods were reflected in the facies described, whereas eolic deposits combined with microbial mats interleave with carbonate facies with high amounts of terrigenous contribution and layers containing silicified logs of pteridophytes. The spotlights were the occurrence of spicules of sponges, the great diversity of chert layers and the carbonates with different degrees of replacement of silica polymorphs. The chemical analysis confirmed the biogenic origin for the silica, point out the spicules of sponges as the principal source. The absence of spiculites, however, do not allowed the correlation of the silicifications with the glass ramps model. However, it seems that Aracar? silicifications are correlated to the Permian chert event. Despite the contribution of this study for a better understanding of Sergipe-Alagoas basin?s Eopermian, like others Scientific investigations, this study created new questions that could be answered in future research adding new stable isotopic data, detailing the cherts analysis and dating the Aracar? Formation deposits

On the use of Lagrange Multiplier State-Space Substructuring in dynamic substructuring analysis

In this article, the formulation of Lagrange Multiplier State-Space Substructuring (LM-SSS) is presented and extended to directly compute coupled displacement and velocity state-space models. The LM-SSS method is applied to couple and decouple state-space models established in the modal domain. Moreover, it is used together with tailored postprocessing procedures to eliminate the redundant states originated from the coupling and decoupling operations. This specific formulation of the LM-SSS approach made it possible to develop a tailored coupling form, named Unconstrained Coupling Form (UCF). UCF just requires the computation of a nullspace and does not rely on the selection of a subspace from a nullspace. By exploiting a numerical example, LM-SSS was compared with the Lagrange Multiplier Frequency Based Substructuring (LMFBS) approach, which is currently widely recognized as a reference approach. This was done both in terms of: a)coupled FRFs derived by coupling the state-space models of two substructures and b) decoupled FRFs derived by decoupling the state-space model of a component from the coupled model. LM-SSS showed to be suitable to compute minimal order coupled models and UCF turned out to have similar performance as other coupling forms already presented to the scientific community. As for the decoupling task, the FRFs derived from the LM-SSS approach perfectly matched those obtained by LM-FBS. Moreover, it was also demonstrated that the elimination of the redundant states originated from the decoupling operation was correctly performed. The approaches discussed were exploited on an experimental substructuring application. LM-SSS resulted to be a reliable SSS technique to perform coupling and decoupling operations with state-space models estimated from measured FRFs as well as to provide accurate minimal-order models

Garimpeiros no Suriname: panorama histórico e atuais implicações

This article presents a historical background of the factors that have contributed to creation of a migratory route for Brazilians in search of work in the small-scale gold mining located in Suriname. It also details the current scenario of this mostly illegal activity that takes place in the South American country.O artigo apresenta um panorama histórico dos fatores que contribuíram para a constituição de uma rota migratória envolvendo brasileiros em busca de trabalho nos garimpos de ouro situados no Suriname. Também apresenta o atual cenário da referida atividade, majoritariamente ilegal, nesse país

AS TRANSFORMAÇÕES NA ORGANIZAÇÃO ESPACIAL DO ESTADO DE RORAIMA: uma conversa inicial a partir da BR-174

RESUMO O artigo faz uma análise das transformações ocorridas na organização espacial do estado de Roraima após a abertura da BR-174 – desde sua abertura até meados da década de 1990, discutindo os projetos de colonização, o desflorestamento, os conflitos e o processo de fragmentação da malha municipal. A referida rodovia, que encurtou as distâncias entre Manaus e Boa Vista, alterou a dinâmica sócio-espacial do espaço roraimense, tornando esta porção do território mais complexa e acentuando as contradições existentes. Palavras-chave: organização espacial; BR-174; Roraima. ABSTRACT The article makes an analysis of the transformations happened in the space organization of the state of Roraima after the opening of BR-174 - from your opening to middles of the decade of 1990, discussing the colonization projects, the deforestation, the conflicts and the process of fragmentation of the municipal mesh. Referred her highway, that shortened the distances between Manaus and Boa Vista, it altered the social and space dynamics of the space roraimense, turning this portion of the most complex territory and accentuating the existent contradictions. Keywords: space organization; BR-174; Roraima. DOI: 10.5654/actageo2007.0101.000