HARVESTER PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS IN CLEAR CUTTING Pinus taeda STANDS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT REGIMES

The increased demand for several forest products makes it necessary to apply different management regimes in forest stands, which may influence the wood harvesting operations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of average individual tree volumes obtained through different management regimes on harvester productivity and costs, thereby enabling to generate information for forest managers. The study was carried out in three Pinus taeda L. stands under clear cutting with different average individual tree volumes (AIV): I (0.367 m3); II (0.582 m3); and III (0.766 m3). Working cycle times, productivity per productive machine hour, energy yield and production costs were obtained by a time and motion study, in which the average values obtained were compared by the Tukey-Kramer test (α ≤ 0.05). The work elements of the harvester’s work cycles were affected by forest management regimes, mainly the movement and the processing, with significant statistical difference between stands, but no difference between total working cycle times. The management regime applied to forest stands influenced the spacing and whole trunk volume which consequently increased the average productivity of the machine from 36.8 to 74.1 m³ per productive machine hour in treatments I and III, respectively, and reduced production costs by 50%. The forest management regimes influenced the clear-cutting operation with harvester

DAMAGE CAUSED TO THE REMAINING TREES OF A PINUS STAND SUBMITTED TO TWO MECHANIZED THINNING MODELS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the damage to remaining trees of pine stand submitted to two models of mechanized thinning. Data were collected in the wood harvesting areas of a forest company in Southern Brazil during the first commercial thinning with 10-year-old trees. The thinning was executed by a harvester in cutting the trees and a forwarder in extracting the logs, which was defined by thinning in the 5th planting line (treatment T1); and by a chainsaw in felling the central trees, by a harvester in cutting the other lines, and by a forwarder in extracting the logs in the experimental area defined by thinning in the 7th planting line (treatment T2). The damage to remaining trees in the stand in relation to the dimensions and location of the machinery operating trail was evaluated, and data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The results showed that treatment T2 caused greater damage in the remaining trees due to greater handling of felled and processed trees and a higher concentration of wood piles in the operating trail of the machines. In addition, there was greater contact of the harvester with the remaining trees when searching for the trees felled by the chainsaw was conducted to perform the final processing. Treatment T1 proved to be more suitable for thinning pine stands.The objective of this study was to evaluate the damage to remaining trees of pine stand submitted to two models of mechanized thinning. Data were collected in the wood harvesting areas of a forest company in Southern Brazil during the first commercial thinning with 10-year-old trees. The thinning was executed by a harvester in cutting the trees and a forwarder in extracting the logs, which was defined by thinning in the 5th planting line (treatment T1); and by a chainsaw in felling the central trees, by a harvester in cutting the other lines, and by a forwarder in extracting the logs in the experimental area defined by thinning in the 7th planting line (treatment T2). The damage to remaining trees in the stand in relation to the dimensions and location of the machinery operating trail was evaluated, and data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The results showed that treatment T2 caused greater damage in the remaining trees due to greater handling of felled and processed trees and a higher concentration of wood piles in the operating trail of the machines. In addition, there was greater contact of the harvester with the remaining trees when searching for the trees felled by the chainsaw was conducted to perform the final processing. Treatment T1 proved to be more suitable for thinning pine stand

PRODUTIVIDADE DO PROCESSAMENTO MECANIZADO DA MADEIRA DE PINUS NOS SISTEMAS FULL TREE E CUT TO LENGTH EM DIFERENTES VOLUMES INDIVIDUAIS

Este trabalho objetivou analisar o processamento da madeira na colheita mecanizada de Pinus sp. nos sistemas full tree e cut to length, para verificar qual apresenta maior rendimento de acordo com o volume médio individual (VMI) das árvores. O estudo foi realizado nas áreas operacionais de colheita da madeira de uma empresa florestal nos municípios de Jaguariaíva e Sengés, estado do Paraná, em povoamentos de 15 anos de idade em regime de corte raso. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante 12 meses por meio de controles diários de produção, com base no computador de bordo de cada máquina e na separação por classes de VMI, com os dados interpretados por meio de análise gráfica. Os resultados mostraram que houve equilíbrio nas produtividades do processamento em ambos os sistemas na classe de VMI entre 0,21 a 0,25 m³, porém o sistema cut to length demonstrou maior produtividade do processamento nas classes de VMI menores, enquanto o sistema full tree foi superior nas classes de maior VMI, demonstrando a adequabilidade dos dois sistemas para os diferentes volumes dos povoamentos florestais

Atualização no tratamento do transtorno bipolar: o impacto da psicoeducação familiar

Abstract: Objective: to conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding the impact of family psychoeducation on the treatment of bipolar disorder. Methodology: PubMed, Lilacs, Web of A search was conducted in Science, Science Direct and Scopus using the descriptors: family psychoeducation and bipolar disorder. The last 13 years were considered. Results: 542 articles were found and after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 were selected for the study. Three other articles nominated by specialist were also used. Overall, patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder should be treated with drug therapy combined with psychotherapy. Most studies showed that the conventional treatment associated with psychoeducation reduced relapse rates and hospitalizations and that long-term programs generated better results. A comparison between supportive psychotherapy and family psychotherapy showed that it was only effective in patients who received the latter. Conclusion: although the role of pharmacological treatment is well established for the patient, (OU “ESTABLISHED IN LITERATURE”?) almost all articles consulted claim that if family psychoeducation is associated with medication, it can help with the early detection of warning signs of a crisis, reduce hospitalization rates and help reduce the number of drugs taken.Resumo: Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura dos últimos 13 anos acerca do impacto da psicoeducação da família na adesão ao tratamento do paciente com perturbação bipolar. Metodologia: PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science, Science Direct e Scopus foram pesquisados utilizando os descritores Family psychoeducation e bipolar disorder. Resultado: foram encontrados 542 artigos disponíveis, considerando critérios de inclusão e exclusão, como ano de publicação, público-alvo e tipo de intervenção; 29 foram selecionados para o estudo. Outros três artigos indicados por especialista também foram utilizados. Segundo os estudos, os pacientes com perturbação bipolar devem ser tratados com terapia medicamentosa associada à psicoterapia de apoio. A maioria dos estudos mostrou que o tratamento convencional associado à psicoeducação ocasionou redução das taxas de recaídas e internamentos, sendo que programas de longo prazo geraram melhores resultados. Na comparação entre psicoterapia de apoio e psicoterapia familiar houve benefício apenas nos pacientes que receberam esta última intervenção. Conclusão: embora o papel do tratamento farmacológico esteja bem estabelecido para o paciente na literatura, a quase totalidade dos artigos pesquisados afirma que a psicoeducação familiar, se for associada à medicação, pode auxiliar na deteção precoce dos sinais de alerta das crises, reduzir internamentos e possibilitar a diminuição das medicações utilizadas

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

SIMULATED YIELD AND NET RETURN OF A MAIZE CROP FERTILIZED WITH DIFFERENT SOURCES AND RATES OF NITROGEN

The goal of this study was to evaluate yield and net return of a maize crop fertilized with different rates ofconventional mineral fertilizer and cattle manure. The CSM-CERES-Maize model was used to simulate the nitrogen (N)fertilization management scenarios. Twelve treatments were simulated as follows: T1, T2 and T3 were, rates of 90, 130and 160 kg ha-1 of N as conventional fertilizer, respectively; T4a, T4b and T4c were 4.5 t ha-1 of air-dried cattle manure,rated at 17.05, 22.73 and 34.09 US$per ton, respectively; T5a, T5b and T5c were 6.5 t ha-1 of air-dried cattle manure,rated at US$ 17.05, US$22.73 and US$ 34.09 per ton, respectively; T6a, T6b and T6c were 8.0 t ha-1 of air-dried cattlemanure, rated at US$17.05, US$ 22.73 and US$34.09 US$ per ton. It was assumed that the air-dried cattle manure has2% of N. The conventional mineral fertilization with a nitrogen rate of 90 kg ha-1 (T1) resulted in an average yield of 4.812kg ha-1 and average profitability of US$35.56 ha-1, while higher nitrogen rates caused economic losses. Profitabilitiesof US$ 120.90 and US$ 183.50 ha-1 were obtained with cattle manure rates of 6,500 and 8,000 kg ha-1, respectively

Professores e Alunos: o engendramento da violência da escola

The school violence engendering is partially analyzed, considering the violence production in the school environment. This is a bibliographic research with quantitative and qualitative approach. Sources: 77 theses and 15 dissertations carried out in Brazil (2007 to 2012). Data collection and organization: Content Analysis. Main reference: Bernard Charlot and Pierre Bourdieu. Results: the sources showed that Brazilian teachers participate effectively in the school violence engendering, contributing to violence production in the school environment. The students are the main victims. The teacher is less affected by physical and verbal violence. The symbolic power is the most perpetrated by the teacher against the student. The school also plays a major role in it.Analisa-se o engendramento de uma face da violência da escola, tendo em vista a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Pesquisa bibliográfica quanti-qualitativa. Fontes: 77 dissertações e 15 teses produzidas no Brasil (2007 a 2012). Coleta e organização dos dados: Análise de Conteúdo. Fundamentação base: Bernard Charlot e Pierre Bourdieu. Resultados: as fontes apontaram que professores brasileiros são protagonistas na constituição da violência da escola, contribuindo para a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Os alunos são as principais vítimas dessa violência. O professor sofre menos violência física e verbal do que o aluno. A violência simbólica é a mais usada pelo professor contra o aluno. A escola também usa desse expediente