TRAQUEOSTOMIA E A PREDISPOSIÇÃO À DISFAGIA

Introduction: Tracheostomy placement is a frequently used medical intervention for people with complex respiratory conditions. Given the anatomical location of a tracheostomy and the shared pathway of the respiratory and alimentary systems, tracheostomy can have unintended and even adverse consequences, one of these complications being dysphagia. Objectives: to identify whether tracheostomy can predispose to dysphagia. Materials and methods: This is an integrative review, in which the guiding question was “Does tracheostomy predispose to dysphagia?”. The search for articles was carried out in the main databases (PubMed and Scielo) using the terms “tracheostomy”, “dysphagia” and “deglutition disorders”, combined using Boolean operators. Results and discussion: The study findings demonstrated that intubation, use of tracheostomy and pronation were significantly associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Even in the absence of a swallowing problem before hospital admission, dysphagia during hospitalization has a detrimental effect on functional outcomes, especially in chronic critically ill patients with severe pneumonia who require a prolonged period of invasive ventilatory care and subsequently tracheostomy. Conclusion: We conclude that tracheostomy may predispose to dysphagia. Furthermore, it has been clarified that the main pathophysiology is due to the tracheostomy causing decreased sensory input, reduced subglottic air pressure, and disuse atrophy of laryngeal structures, thus leading to dysphagia.Introducción: La colocación de traqueostomía es una intervención médica de uso frecuente en personas con afecciones respiratorias complejas. Dada la ubicación anatómica de una traqueotomía y la vía compartida de los sistemas respiratorio y alimentario, la traqueotomía puede tener consecuencias no deseadas e incluso adversas, siendo una de estas complicaciones la disfagia. Objetivos: identificar si la traqueotomía puede predisponer a la disfagia. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de una revisión integradora, en la que la pregunta orientadora fue “¿La traqueotomía predispone a la disfagia?”. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las principales bases de datos (PubMed y Scielo) utilizando los términos “traqueotomía”, “disfagia” y “trastornos de la deglución”, combinados mediante operadores booleanos. Resultados y discusión: Los hallazgos del estudio demostraron que la intubación, el uso de traqueotomía y la pronación se asociaron significativamente con la disfagia orofaríngea. Incluso en ausencia de un problema de deglución antes del ingreso hospitalario, la disfagia durante la hospitalización tiene un efecto perjudicial sobre los resultados funcionales, especialmente en pacientes críticos crónicos con neumonía grave que requieren un período prolongado de atención ventilatoria invasiva y, posteriormente, traqueotomía. Conclusión: Concluimos que la traqueotomía puede predisponer a la disfagia. Además, se ha aclarado que la fisiopatología principal se debe a que la traqueotomía causa disminución de la entrada sensorial, reducción de la presión de aire subglótica y atrofia por desuso de las estructuras laríngeas, lo que lleva a la disfagia.A colocação de traqueostomia é uma intervenção médica frequentemente usada para pessoas com condições respiratórias complexas. Dada a localização anatômica de uma traqueostomia e a via compartilhada dos sistemas respiratório e alimentar, a traqueostomia pode ter consequências não intencionais e até mesmo adversas, sendo uma dessas complicações a disfagia. Objetivos:  identificar se a traqueostomia pode predispor a disfagia. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, em que a questão norteadora foi “Traqueostomia predispõe a disfagia?”. A busca pelos artigos ocorreu nas principais bases de dados (PubMed e Scielo) a partir dos termos “tracheostomy”, “dysphagia” e “deglutition disorders”, combinados entre si por operadores booleanos. Resultados e discussão: Os achados do estudo demonstraram que intubação, uso de traqueostomia e pronação foram significativamente associados com disfagia orofaríngea. Mesmo na ausência de um problema de deglutição antes da admissão hospitalar, a disfagia durante a hospitalização tem um efeito prejudicial nos resultados funcionais, especialmente em pacientes críticos crônicos com pneumonia grave que requerem um período prolongado de cuidados ventilatórios invasivos e subsequentemente traqueostomia. Conclusão: Concluímos que a traqueostomia pode predispor a disfagia. Além disso, foi esclarecido que a principal fisiopatologia é devido à traqueostomia causar diminuição da entrada sensorial, redução da pressão subglótica do ar e atrofia por desuso das estruturas laríngeas, levando, assim, à disfagia.A colocação de traqueostomia é uma intervenção médica frequentemente usada para pessoas com condições respiratórias complexas. Dada a localização anatômica de uma traqueostomia e a via compartilhada dos sistemas respiratório e alimentar, a traqueostomia pode ter consequências não intencionais e até mesmo adversas, sendo uma dessas complicações a disfagia. Objetivos:  identificar se a traqueostomia pode predispor a disfagia. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, em que a questão norteadora foi “Traqueostomia predispõe a disfagia?”. A busca pelos artigos ocorreu nas principais bases de dados (PubMed e Scielo) a partir dos termos “tracheostomy”, “dysphagia” e “deglutition disorders”, combinados entre si por operadores booleanos. Resultados e discussão: Os achados do estudo demonstraram que intubação, uso de traqueostomia e pronação foram significativamente associados com disfagia orofaríngea. Mesmo na ausência de um problema de deglutição antes da admissão hospitalar, a disfagia durante a hospitalização tem um efeito prejudicial nos resultados funcionais, especialmente em pacientes críticos crônicos com pneumonia grave que requerem um período prolongado de cuidados ventilatórios invasivos e subsequentemente traqueostomia. Conclusão: Concluímos que a traqueostomia pode predispor a disfagia. Além disso, foi esclarecido que a principal fisiopatologia é devido à traqueostomia causar diminuição da entrada sensorial, redução da pressão subglótica do ar e atrofia por desuso das estruturas laríngeas, levando, assim, à disfagia

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

DESEMPENHO E AVALIAÇÃO DA CARCAÇA EM SUÍNOS ALIMENTADOS COM RAÇÕES DE TERMINAÇÃO COM FITASE ASSOCIADA À RETIRADA DE MICROMINERAIS, VITAMINAS E FÓSFORO INORGÂNICO

The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of phytase enzyme in rations for swine at the finishing phase without the use of mineral-vitamin supplement and with reduced levels of inorganic phosphorus on performance and carcass characteristics, ashes and mineral percentage in the bones and economic viability. Twenty-four hybrid females with starter weight of 66 ± 1.4 kg and final weight of 106 ± 1.8 kg were housed for 38 days in 24 stalls and allotted in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and four replications of two animals each. The following treatments were used: T1 –basalfeed; T2 – basal feed without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T3 – basal feed with phytase and without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T4 – basalfeed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement and without 1/3 of inorganic phosphorus; T5 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement ans without 2/3 of inorganic phosphorus; and T6 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral vitamin supplement and without inorganic phosphorus supplementation. The withdrawal of the micromineral-vitamin supplemet, the reduction of inorganic phosphorus level and the addition of phytase enzyme did not affect (P>0.05) the carcass characteristics, but they reduced (P<0.05) feed intake and weight gain, and showed worse feed conversion. Likewise, reduction of inorganic phosphorus levels and phytase addition did not improve economic efficiency when compared to basal feed

Performance and carcass evaluation of swine fed finishing ration with phytase associated with the withdrawal of micromineral-vitamin supplement and the reduction of inorganic phosphorus

v. 11, n. 4, p. 775-783, out./dez. 2010.Submitted by Marlene Santos ([email protected]) on 2013-06-13T19:06:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 8351.pdf: 439678 bytes, checksum: 37a1c0e2e49709e6e971a3e6d65ec58f (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Moura ([email protected]) on 2013-06-22T19:51:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 8351.pdf: 439678 bytes, checksum: 37a1c0e2e49709e6e971a3e6d65ec58f (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-22T19:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8351.pdf: 439678 bytes, checksum: 37a1c0e2e49709e6e971a3e6d65ec58f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12CAPES/ CNPq; Programa de Apoio às Publicações Periódicas Científicas (PROAPUPEC) da UFGDesenvolveu-se o estudo para avaliar a utilização da enzima fitase em rações de suínos na fase de terminação, sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico e níveis reduzidos de fósforo inorgânico no desempenho, características da carcaça, percentagem de cinzas e de minerais nos ossos, além da viabilidade econômica. Utilizaram-se 24 fêmeas suínas, híbridas com peso médio inicial de 66 ± 1,4 kg e peso final médio de 106 ± 1,8 kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 –ração basal, T2 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, T3 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico com fitase, T4 –ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico e sem 1/3 de fósforo inorgânico com fitase, T5 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, sem 2/3 do fósforo inorgânico com fitase, T6 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, sem fósforo inorgânico e com fitase. A retirada do suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, a redução dos níveis de fósforo inorgânico e a adição de fitase não influenciaram (P>0,05) as características de carcaça, mas reduziram (P<0,05) o consumo e o ganho de peso com pior conversão alimentar. Da mesma forma, a redução de fósforo e a adição de fitase, nas condições deste experimento, não apresentaram viabilidade econômica comparado às rações basais. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of phytase enzyme in rations for swine at the finishing phase without the use of mineral-vitamin supplement and with reduced levels of inorganic phosphorus on performance and carcass characteristics, ashes and mineral percentage in the bones and economic viability. Twenty-four hybrid females with starter weight of 66 ± 1.4 kg and final weight of 106 ± 1.8 kg were housed for 38 days in 24 stalls and allotted in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and four replications of two animals each. The following treatments were used: T1 –basal feed; T2 – basal feed without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T3 – basal feed with phytase and without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T4 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement and without 1/3 of inorganic phosphorus; T5 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement ans without 2/3 of inorganic phosphorus; and T6 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral vitamin supplement and without inorganic phosphorus supplementation. The withdrawal of the micromineralvitamin supplemet, the reduction of inorganic phosphorus level and the addition of phytase enzyme did not affect (P>0.05) the carcass characteristics, but they reduced (P<0.05) feed intake and weight gain, and showed worse feed conversion. Likewise, reduction of inorganic phosphorus levels and phytase addition did not improve economic efficiency when compared to basal feed

"Las cosas singulares de piedras, animales, plantas": la formación y el funcionamiento de la red imperial española de remesas centíficas en el Virreinato del Río de la Plata

El presente artículo acompaña el proceso de remesa de especímenes animales y vegetales de la región administrativa del Virreinato del Río de la Plata para las instituciones científicas españolas, tales como el Real Gabinete, el Real Jardín Botánico y las menageries del Retiro y de Aranjuez. El propósito fue intentar sorprender esas remesas en el exacto momento en que tales instituciones y sus redes de recolección estaban siendo creadas, buscando expli- car las lógicas que las presidían, en un momento en que se mezclaban propósitos de orden económico; la cultura de la dádiva, típica del Antiguo Régimen; con las modernas prácticas científicas que estaban en construcción