HOW TO WORK WITH THEMATIC TEXTS IN ESP CLASSES

The article provides guidelines on working with thematic texts with students of non-linguistic majors. It seeks to formulate effective and efficient methods of working with thematic texts, drawing upon the main types of working with texts in general. The article has made use of the method of analysing thematic texts and, therefore, argues that there are three basic steps in working with thematic texts, namely pre-textual, textual, and post-textual. A set of exercises based on the book On the Uses of Philosophy by Will Durant has been used to illustrate the point. In the final analysis, the article argues that the methodology it sets out focuses on developing students’ reading skills through helping them:• correctly understand a foreign word;• make conscious use of the structure of the meanings of foreign words;• combine words and/or phrases in accordance with relevant lexical and grammatical rules;• formulate and express an opinion in a foreign language in various form with thematic vocabulary;• and understand thoughts expressed by other foreign-language speakers.The article provides guidelines on working with thematic texts with students of non-linguistic majors. It seeks to formulate effective and efficient methods of working with thematic texts, drawing upon the main types of working with texts in general. The article has made use of the method of analysing thematic texts and, therefore, argues that there are three basic steps in working with thematic texts, namely pre-textual, textual, and post-textual. A set of exercises based on the book On the Uses of Philosophy by Will Durant has been used to illustrate the point. In the final analysis, the article argues that the methodology it sets out focuses on developing students’ reading skills through helping them:• correctly understand a foreign word;• make conscious use of the structure of the meanings of foreign words;• combine words and/or phrases in accordance with relevant lexical and grammatical rules;• formulate and express an opinion in a foreign language in various form with thematic vocabulary;• and understand thoughts expressed by other foreign-language speakers

СУЧАСНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ТА СТРАТЕГІЇ В ОНЛАЙН ВИКЛАДАННІ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ ДЛЯ ГУМАНІТАРНИХ ФАКУЛЬТЕТІВ

The article is devoted to the use of online technologies and strategies in learning a foreign language. In particular, in close correlation with full-time education, the article considers the leading strategies and technologies used by higher education institutions in building online foreign language courses. These are mainly lectures, discussions, games, simulations, blog technologies, wiki technologies, etc. The article mentions the work of the world's leading online universities. Quotes from their supervisors and lecturers are given, which analyze the main concepts that distinguish or, conversely, resemble online and offline learning. We can say that today the technology has reached a sufficient level for students to receive a proper education, even in distance learning. Even more, thanks to the synchronous and asynchronous method of teaching, students get additional opportunities that are not always available in the classroom. However, it is worth noting that mastering, selecting and successfully using existing technologies is another challenge for teachers working online.The article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages that accompany online learning. The article analyzes the methods and means of learning a foreign language online. According to the author of the article, the number of online courses, online faculties and online universities will grow steadily every year. Because they do not require significant investment and allow people to be educated regardless of their geographical location. However, online education relies heavily on traditional education, it creates space for the preservation, development and improvement of traditional learning models, as well as selectivity in choosing more effective methods.The article is devoted to the use of online technologies and strategies in learning a foreign language. In particular, in close correlation with full-time education, the article considers the leading strategies and technologies used by higher education institutions in building online foreign language courses. These are mainly lectures, discussions, games, simulations, blog technologies, wiki technologies, etc. The article mentions the work of the world's leading online universities. Quotes from their supervisors and lecturers are given, which analyze the main concepts that distinguish or, conversely, resemble online and offline learning. We can say that today the technology has reached a sufficient level for students to receive a proper education, even in distance learning. Even more, thanks to the synchronous and asynchronous method of teaching, students get additional opportunities that are not always available in the classroom. However, it is worth noting that mastering, selecting and successfully using existing technologies is another challenge for teachers working online.The article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages that accompany online learning. The article analyzes the methods and means of learning a foreign language online. According to the author of the article, the number of online courses, online faculties and online universities will grow steadily every year. Because they do not require significant investment and allow people to be educated regardless of their geographical location. However, online education relies heavily on traditional education, it creates space for the preservation, development and improvement of traditional learning models, as well as selectivity in choosing more effective methods

Expression of Tumor Assosiated and Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Markers in 2d and 3d Cell Cultures of Mcf-7

The target effects on the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulation molecules are promising for cancer therapy, including breast cancer. 3D cell culture is a model for studying epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and may become a test system for anticancer therapy.Aim of research. The aim of this research was to evaluate and compare the expression of tumor associated and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in tumor cells of breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7 cell line) in 2D and 3D cell culture.Methods. For realization of the aim MCF-7 cell line (breast adenocarcinoma) was chosen as an experimental model in vitro. The monolayer cell culture was cultured in standard conditions (37 0C, 5 % CO2, humidity 95 %). The initial density of inoculated cells was 2 x 104 cells/cm2. The cells were incubated for two days before their use in the experiment. For the initial generation of spheroids the monolayer cell culture was removed off the substrate after the four days of incubation, using 0,25 % Trypsin-EDTA, and placed in nutrient medium with 5 % carboxymethyl cellulose (Bio-Rad, USA) at concentration of 5 x 105 cells/ml. Then the plates were incubated on an orbital shaker (Orbital shaker, PSU-10i, Biosan, Latvia) at 50 rpm for 3–5 hours. Half of culture medium was replenished every 3 days. A spheroid culture was maintained for 14 days. Detection of markers (ER, p53, EpCAM, vim, AE1/AE3, panCK, EGFR) in 2D and 3D cell culture was performed using immunohistochemistry method with primary monoclonal antibodies. Histological samples of cells were photographed to compare the morphological characteristics and the expression of proteins in monolayer and spheroid cultureResults. The results demonstrated that the percentage of tumor marker positive cells (ER+, EGFR+, EpCAM+, panCK+, AE1/AE3+) in monolayer culture is 1.25–2 times than more in spheroid culture. In contrast, tumor spheroids consist of fewer cells with the expression of epithelial markers such as EpCAM and AE1/AE3, but they contain a large number of cells that expressed mesenchymal marker vimentin by 5 % and p53 by 10 %. This may indicate that the cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. However, tumor cells of monolayer cell culture were not expressed vimentin.Conclusions. Our results demonstrated the differences of expression of tumor associated and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in 2D and 3D breast cancer cell cultures. Thus, the percentage of epithelial markers (Cytokeratines and epithelial cell adhesion molecule) in tumor spheroids is less than in cells of monolayer however spheroids cells begin expressing a mesenchymal marker – vimentin. In 3D cell culture only the outer cell layers expressed tumor associated proteins unlike 2D cell culture in which all of cells showed equally expression. Reduced of manifestation of tumor associated markers in 3D cell culture may indicate an increase of stem properties. These data showed that 3D cell culture more than 2D cell culture characterized processes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Peculiarities of differentiation of legal regulation of pharmaceutical workers’ labour

The paper deals with peculiarities of legal regulation of pharmaceutical workers’ labour. The authors prove that differentiation originates from special legislation. They determine what globalization is in the modern society. The paper analyzes the differentiation of pharmaceutical workers’ labour through the prism of such objective reasons as industry affiliation, working conditions, the nature of labour relations between an employee and an employer, and their content is determined. It is proved that the differentiation of pharmaceutical workers’ labour is expressed through special rules, which allows them to exercise their rights and obligations and to enjoy certain guarantees.У статті досліджено особливості правового регулювання праці фармацевтичних працівників. Доведено, що диференціація відбувається за допомогою спеціального законодавства. Визначено, що собою являє глобалізація у сучасному суспільстві. Проаналізовано диференціацію праці фармацевтичних працівників через призму таких об’єктивних підстав як: галузева належність, умови праці, характер трудового зв’язку між працівником та роботодавцем та визначено їх зміст. Доведено, що диференціація праці фармацевтичних працівників виражається через спеціальні норми, що дозволяє їм реалізувати свої права й обов’язки та користуватися певними гарантіями.В статье исследованы особенности правового регулирования труда фармацевтических работников. Доказано, что дифференциация происходит с помощью специального законодательства. Определено, что собой представляет глобализация в современном обществе. Проанализированы дифференциацию труда фармацевтических работников через призму таких объективных оснований как: отраслевая принадлежность, условия труда, характер трудовой связи между работником и работодателем и определено их содержание. Доказано, что дифференциация труда фармацевтических работников выражается через специальные нормы, позволяющей им реализовать свои права и обязанности и пользоваться определенными гарантиями

EXPRESSION OF TUMOR ASSOSIATED AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION MARKERS IN 2D AND 3D CELL CULTURES OF MCF-7

The target effects on the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulation molecules are promising for cancer therapy, including breast cancer. 3D cell culture is a model for studying epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and may become a test system for anticancer therapy. Aim of research. The aim of this research was to evaluate and compare the expression of tumor associated and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in tumor cells of breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7 cell line) in 2D and 3D cell culture. Methods. For realization of the aim MCF-7 cell line (breast adenocarcinoma) was chosen as an experimental model in vitro. The monolayer cell culture was cultured in standard conditions (37 0C, 5 % CO2, humidity 95 %). The initial density of inoculated cells was 2 x 104 cells/cm2. The cells were incubated for two days before their use in the experiment. For the initial generation of spheroids the monolayer cell culture was removed off the substrate after the four days of incubation, using 0,25 % Trypsin-EDTA, and placed in nutrient medium with 5 % carboxymethyl cellulose (Bio-Rad, USA) at concentration of 5 x 105 cells/ml. Then the plates were incubated on an orbital shaker (Orbital shaker, PSU-10i, Biosan, Latvia) at 50 rpm for 3–5 hours. Half of culture medium was replenished every 3 days. A spheroid culture was maintained for 14 days. Detection of markers (ER, p53, EpCAM, vim, AE1/AE3, panCK, EGFR) in 2D and 3D cell culture was performed using immunohistochemistry method with primary monoclonal antibodies. Histological samples of cells were photographed to compare the morphological characteristics and the expression of proteins in monolayer and spheroid culture Results. The results demonstrated that the percentage of tumor marker positive cells (ER+, EGFR+, EpCAM+, panCK+, AE1/AE3+) in monolayer culture is 1.25–2 times than more in spheroid culture. In contrast, tumor spheroids consist of fewer cells with the expression of epithelial markers such as EpCAM and AE1/AE3, but they contain a large number of cells that expressed mesenchymal marker vimentin by 5 % and p53 by 10 %. This may indicate that the cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. However, tumor cells of monolayer cell culture were not expressed vimentin. Conclusions. Our results demonstrated the differences of expression of tumor associated and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in 2D and 3D breast cancer cell cultures. Thus, the percentage of epithelial markers (Cytokeratines and epithelial cell adhesion molecule) in tumor spheroids is less than in cells of monolayer however spheroids cells begin expressing a mesenchymal marker – vimentin. In 3D cell culture only the outer cell layers expressed tumor associated proteins unlike 2D cell culture in which all of cells showed equally expression. Reduced of manifestation of tumor associated markers in 3D cell culture may indicate an increase of stem properties. These data showed that 3D cell culture more than 2D cell culture characterized processes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

EXPRESSION OF TUMOR ASSOSIATED AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION MARKERS IN 2D AND 3D CELL CULTURES OF MCF-7

The target effects on the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulation molecules are promising for cancer therapy, including breast cancer. 3D cell culture is a model for studying epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and may become a test system for anticancer therapy. Aim of research. The aim of this research was to evaluate and compare the expression of tumor associated and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in tumor cells of breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7 cell line) in 2D and 3D cell culture. Methods. For realization of the aim MCF-7 cell line (breast adenocarcinoma) was chosen as an experimental model in vitro. The monolayer cell culture was cultured in standard conditions (37 0C, 5 % CO2, humidity 95 %). The initial density of inoculated cells was 2 x 104 cells/cm2. The cells were incubated for two days before their use in the experiment. For the initial generation of spheroids the monolayer cell culture was removed off the substrate after the four days of incubation, using 0,25 % Trypsin-EDTA, and placed in nutrient medium with 5 % carboxymethyl cellulose (Bio-Rad, USA) at concentration of 5 x 105 cells/ml. Then the plates were incubated on an orbital shaker (Orbital shaker, PSU-10i, Biosan, Latvia) at 50 rpm for 3–5 hours. Half of culture medium was replenished every 3 days. A spheroid culture was maintained for 14 days. Detection of markers (ER, p53, EpCAM, vim, AE1/AE3, panCK, EGFR) in 2D and 3D cell culture was performed using immunohistochemistry method with primary monoclonal antibodies. Histological samples of cells were photographed to compare the morphological characteristics and the expression of proteins in monolayer and spheroid culture Results. The results demonstrated that the percentage of tumor marker positive cells (ER+, EGFR+, EpCAM+, panCK+, AE1/AE3+) in monolayer culture is 1.25–2 times than more in spheroid culture. In contrast, tumor spheroids consist of fewer cells with the expression of epithelial markers such as EpCAM and AE1/AE3, but they contain a large number of cells that expressed mesenchymal marker vimentin by 5 % and p53 by 10 %. This may indicate that the cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. However, tumor cells of monolayer cell culture were not expressed vimentin. Conclusions. Our results demonstrated the differences of expression of tumor associated and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in 2D and 3D breast cancer cell cultures. Thus, the percentage of epithelial markers (Cytokeratines and epithelial cell adhesion molecule) in tumor spheroids is less than in cells of monolayer however spheroids cells begin expressing a mesenchymal marker – vimentin. In 3D cell culture only the outer cell layers expressed tumor associated proteins unlike 2D cell culture in which all of cells showed equally expression. Reduced of manifestation of tumor associated markers in 3D cell culture may indicate an increase of stem properties. These data showed that 3D cell culture more than 2D cell culture characterized processes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Military slang: Origin, structure and semantics

The humankind has been facing different wars and military conflicts during its existence and development. In the current globalized world, the role of the military is very essential and obvious. Furthermore, military slang in English is of utmost significance due to the leading role of the military from various English-speaking countries. The aim of the following research is to identify and analyze military slangy words and phrases in English; to create the military slang phrases and words corpus; to make their semantic and structural characteristics analyses; and to explain their practical usage context. The methods applied in this research include linguistic analysis, which was utilized in the selection of military slang words and phrases applied in modern English; the word-building analysis, which helped in determining semantics and structural features of military words and phrases utilized in the English language; and linguo-cultural and socio-cultural analyses that allowed giving explanations of the UK and US military traditions, cultures, and vocabulary specific features. The specific characteristics of military slang are dynamism, exaggerated expression, broad usage by the military, and general familiarity. The military slang vocabulary units have the same formation ways typical of general English vocabulary, including meanings transfer (metaphor), abbreviation and acronyms, blending, affixation, conversion, shortening, and compounding

Відонімні та відапелятивні назви в українському ергоніміконі

The article is devoted to the study of numerous Ukrainian ergonyms, in particular, 29,826 names of hotel business, cultural and entertainment facilities, shops, hairdressers and beauty salons, medical services and pharmacies located in regional centers and other cities of Ukraine were analyzed. Mostly names are in Ukrainian, as well as some names were borrowed from other languages. The main way of names formation is appeallativian. These ergonomics were analyzed and an attempt to classify them was made. The Ukrainian names of objects of human activity of appellativian origin are conditionally divided into fifteen subgroups, namely: patriotic and folklore names which reflect the national colour, ergonyms with direct indication of the type of activity, names with partially veiled semantics, lexems indicating quality of conditions and services, abstract romantic appellativian names, names formed from names of plants with positive connotation, names formed from names of animals with positive connotation, names formed from names of precious stones, names-diminutives that indicate the small size of the institution, names with an indication of natural realities, names indicating the peculiarities of the location, phrases with the lexem  golden, phrases with the word old, phrases indicating colour, names determining gender orientation. All analyzed names have a positive stylistic and perform an advertising function. The use of the onymian method of Ukrainian ergonyms formation is shown. Among the names come from onyms, there are various numerous ergonyms created from antroponyms and toponyms, and most of them formed by transonymization of names and surnames, names of places. Attention is also paid to the transonymization of other categories of onyms such as mythonyms, poetonyms, pragmatonyms, zoonyms, anemonyms, cosmonyms, filmonyms, musicgrouponyms and transonymized titles. Etymological analyze of some names is also given. The use of various ergonomic terms has been shown, which in some cases work like names and indicate the size of the institution. Key words: onym, appellative, ergonym, antroponym, toponym, onimization, transonymization.  El artículo está dedicado al estudio de numerosos ergónimos ucranianos, en particular, fueron analizados 29.826 nombres de empresas hoteleras, establecimientos de entretenimiento cultural, tiendas, peluquerías y salones de belleza, establecimientos médicos y farmacias ubicadas en centros regionales y otras ciudades de Ucrania. La mayoría de los nombres están en ucraniano, aunque hay préstamos de otros idiomas. El principal método de formar nombres es usar microtoponimos de un componente. Estos ergónimos fueron analizados y fue intentado clasificarlos. Los nombres de los objetos de la actividad humana en Ucrania, de origen de microtoponimos de un componente, se dividen condicionalmente en quince subgrupos, a saber: nombres patrióticos y folclóricos que reflejan el colorido nacional, ergónimos con indicación directa del tipo de actividad, nombres con semántica parcialmente velada, lexemas con indicación de calidad de condiciones y servicios, nombres de de microtoponimos de un componente abstractos de plan romántico o de fantasía, nombres formados a partir de nombres de plantas con connotación positiva, nombres formados a partir de nombres de animales con connotación positiva, nombres formados a partir de nombres de piedras preciosas, nombres-diminutivos que indican el tamaño pequeño de la institución, nombres con indicación de realidades naturales, nombres con indicación de las peculiaridades del lugar, frases con la lexema dorado / a, frases con la lexema antiguo / a, frases con lexemas para indicar color, nombres que indiquen la orientación a un género específico. Todos los nombres analizados tienen un color estilístico positivo y cumplen una función publicitaria. Se indica el uso del método onímico de formación de ergónimos ucranianos. Entre los nombres conocidos hay varios antroponímicos y ottoponímicos como los más numerosos entre los onímicos, formados por transonimización de nombres y apellidos, nombres de lugares. También se presta atención a la cobertura de otras categorías de ergónimos famosos como mitónimos, poetónimos, katoynónimos, pragmatonimos, zoónimos, anemónimos, cosmonomías, nombres de películas, grupos de música y títulos transonimizados. Se intenta analizar etimológicamente algunos nombres. Se ha registrado el uso de varios términos-ergónimos, que en algunos casos sirven como nombres e indican el tamaño de la institución. Palabras clave: ónimo, denominación, ergónimo, antropónimo, topónimo, onimización, transonimización.Статтю присвячено дослідженню численних українських ергонімів, зокрема проаналізовано 29826 назв об’єктів готельного бізнесу, культурно-розважальних закладів, об’єктів торгівлі, перукарень та салонів краси, об’єктів надання медичних послуг та аптек, розташованих у обласних центрах та інших містах України. Більшість імен подано українською мовою, а також наявні імена, запозичені з інших мов. Основний спосіб утворення назв – відапелятивний. Запропоновано типологію ергонімів, які умовно поділено на п’ятнадцять підгруп: патріотичні та фольклорні назви; ергонімі з незавуальованою вказівкою на вид діяльності; назви з частково завуальованою семантикою; лексеми з вказівкою на якість умов та послуг; абстрактні відапелятивні назви романтичного або фантазійного плану; найменування, утворені від назв рослин із позитивною конотацією; ергоніми, утворені від назв тварин із позитивною конотацією; найменування, утворені від назв дорогоцінних каменів; назви-демінутиви, які вказують на невеликий розмір закладу; назви зі вказівкою на природні реалії; назви з вказівкою на особливості місця розташування; словосполучення з лексемою золотий/а/е; словосполучення з лексемою старий/а/е; словосполучення з лексемами на позначення кольору; назви з вказівкою на гендерну спрямованість. Всі аналізовані найменування мають позитивний стилістичний відтінок і, крім номінативної, виконують рекламну функцію. Акцентовано увагу на використанні відонімного методу формування українських ергонімів. Серед відонімних назв представлені різні відантропонімні та відтопонімні як найчисленніші серед відонімних, утворені шляхом трансонімізації імен та прізвищ, назв місцевості. Приділено увагу висвітленню інших розрядів відонімних ергонімів, зокрема міфонімів, поетонімів, катойконімів, прагматонімів, зоонімів, анемонімів, космонімів, фільмонімів, музикогрупонімів та трансонімізованих титулів. Зроблено спробу етимологічного аналізу деяких назв. Зафіксовано використання різноманітних ергонімних термінів, які в деяких випадках, виконуючи номінативну функцію, вказують на розмір установи. Ключові слова: онім, апелятив, ергонім, антропонім, топонім, онімізація, трансонімізація

Case study of noise pollution from vehicles and legal mechanisms for road noise control

Among the many environmental problems of the modern world one of the important ones is noise pollution. Currently, noise pollution from vehicles requires special attention in densely populated and industrial cities, as there is a trend towards an increase in the areas of acoustic discomfort in built-up areas. The noise that occurs on the roadway of the highway extends not only to the territory near the highway, but also deep into the housing development. Study' objective was to assess noise pollution from vehicles in the most densely populated area of Poltava (Ukraine), as well as to establish the possibility of influencing the situation through legal mechanisms to have an understanding of further research directions and ways to achieve a comfortable urban environment in Ukraine. The noise levels from traffic flows were measured in accordance with GOST 20444-2014, using the Testo 815. To determine the equivalent noise level from the traffic flows movement, an empirical dependence was applied in accordance with the methodology of the State Agency for Highways of Ukraine. Determined that the daytime threshold values are exceeded by 20–28.9 dB(A), which is not acceptable. The reasons for the increase in noise are the road bumps, a significant number of cars and number of stops and streets junctions, the movement of vehicles at a non-constant speed, lack of roadside landscaping. About 62,550 people live in areas where the noise level exceeds the permissible value for the area near residential buildings. The calculation method used turned out to be more accurate than the measured results and showed a significant effect of traffic intensity on noise pollution. Apparently, the low measurement accuracy is justified by outdated road noise measurement standards, which, in turn, need to be seriously revised. Reducing noise levels by optimizing traffic flows is one of the priority areas in which it is necessary to bring the environmental legislation of Ukraine. Ukrainian legislation still needs to undergo many changes to reach a level where it can be used as a control lever to achieve a safe ecological environment