During vertebrate development, arteries exert a morphological control over the venous pattern through physical factors

The adult vasculature is comprised of three distinct compartments: the arteries, which carry blood away from the heart and display a divergent flow pattern; the capillaries, where oxygen and nutrient delivery from blood to tissues, as well as metabolic waste removal, occurs; and the veins, which carry blood back to the heart and are characterized by a convergent flow pattern. These compartments are organized in series as regard to flow, which proceeds from the upstream arteries to the downstream veins through the capillaries. However, the spatial organization is more complex, as veins may often be found paralleling the arteries. The factors that control the morphogenesis of this hierarchically branched vascular network are not well characterized. Here, we explain how arteries exert a morphological control on the venous pattern. Indeed, during vertebrate development, the following transition may be observed in the spatial organization of the vascular system: veins first develop in series with the arteries, the arterial and venous territories being clearly distinct in space (cis-cis configuration). But after some time, new veins grow parallel to the existing arteries, and the arterial and venous territories become overlapped, with extensive and complex intercalation and interdigitation. Using physical arguments, backed up by experimental evidence (biological data from the literature and in situ optical and mechanical measurements of the chick embryo yolk-sac and midbrain developing vasculatures), we explain how such a transition is possible and why it may be expected with generality, as organisms grow. The origin of this transition lies in the remodeling of the capillary tissue in the vicinity of the growing arteries. This remodeling lays down a prepattern for further venous growth, parallel to the existing arterial pattern. Accounting for the influence of tissue growth, we show that this prepatterned path becomes favored as the body extends. As a consequence, a second flow route with veins paralleling the arteries (cis-trans configuration) emerges when the tissue extends. Between the cis-cis and cis-trans configurations, all configurations are in principle possible, and self-organization of the vessels contributes to determining their exact pattern. However, the global aspect depends on the size at which the growth stops and on the growth rate

The role of distribution and orientation of collagen fibers in tissue development: study by means of double imaging by two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy

International audienceThe TPEF and SHG imaging was used to study the distribution and orientation of collagen fibers in immature skin appendages on ex vivo chicken embryo skin samples in connection to mechanical properties of developing tissues. Our study has demonstrated that the orientation of collagen fibers in the feather buds may promote growth of feathers by creating the gradient of stiffness and thus triggering the pressure sensitive growth factors

Sequence-specific transitions of the torsion angle gamma change the polar-hydrophobic profile of the DNA grooves: implication for indirect protein–DNA recognition

<div><p>Variations of the shape and polarity of the DNA grooves caused by changes of the DNA conformation play an important role in the DNA readout. Despite the fact that non-canonical <b><i>trans</i></b> and <b><i>gauche</i></b>- conformations of the DNA backbone angle <i>γ</i> (O5′–C5′–C4′–C3′) are frequently found in the DNA crystal structures, their possible role in the DNA recognition has not been studied systematically. In order to fill in this gap, we analyze the available high-resolution crystal structures of the naked and complexed DNA. The analysis shows that the non-canonical <i>γ</i> angle conformations are present both in the naked and bound DNA, more often in the bound vs. naked DNA, and in the nucleotides with the A-like vs. the B-like sugar pucker. The alternative angle <i>γ</i> torsions are more frequently observed in the purines with the A-like sugar pucker and in the pyrimidines with the B-like sugar conformation. The minor groove of the nucleotides with non-canonical <i>γ</i> angle conformation is more polar, while the major groove is more hydrophobic than in the nucleotides with the classical <i>γ</i> torsions due to variations in exposure of the polar and hydrophobic groups of the DNA backbone. The propensity of the nucleotides with different <i>γ</i> angle conformations to participate in the protein–nucleic acid contacts in the minor and major grooves is connected with their sugar pucker and sequence-specific. Our findings imply that the angle <i>γ</i> transitions contribute to the process of the protein–DNA recognition due to modification of the polar/hydrophobic profile of the DNA grooves.</p></div

Collagen and myosin characterization by orientation field second harmonic microscopy.

International audienceCollagen and myosin fibrils are endogenous harmonophores that both give rise to Second Harmonic Generation (SHG). By combining four polarization SHG images provided by a scanning microscope, we show that the orientation of the principal axis of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor chi(2) can be determined for each pixel of the image. The ratio rho = chi33/chi15 of the principal components of chi(2) of collagen and myosin was obtained with the same method, and found within the range 1.6-1.8 and 0.5-0.6 respectively. The orientation of the principal axis of chi(2) is shown to be correlated to the orientation of the fibrils themselves. This provides a straightforward method, which we call Orientation Field-Second Harmonic Microscopy (OF-SHM), to reconstruct orientation fields of fibrils at various scales and resolutions in different biological systems (from muscle sarcomere to the whole embryo)

Introducing the scanning air puff tonometer for biological studies.

International audienceIt is getting increasingly evident that physical properties such as elastoviscoplastic properties of living materials are quite important for the process of tissue development, including regulation of genetic pathways. Measuring such properties in vivo is a complicated and challenging task. In this paper, we present an instrument, a scanning air puff tonometer, which is able to map point by point the viscoelastic properties of flat or gently curved soft materials. This instrument is an improved version of the air puff tonometer used by optometrists, with important modifications. The instrument allows one to obtain a direct insight into gradients of material properties in vivo. The instrument capabilities are demonstrated on substances with known elastoviscoplastic properties and several biological objects. On the basis of the results obtained, the role of the gradients of elastoviscoplastic properties is outlined for the process of angiogenesis, limb development, bacterial colonies expansion, etc. which is important for bridging the gaps in the theory of the tissue development and highlighting new possibilities for tissue engineering, based on a clarification of the role of physical features in developing biological material