Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) study of Palm Kernel Stearin: Effects of cooling rate on crystallization behaviour

In this study, effects of different cooling rates (0.5,3.3,4.7 and 6.9 degrees C/min) on the crystallization behavior of palm-kernel-stearin (PKS) were studied by low-field NMR relaxometry. According to results, solid fat content (SFC), longitudinal relaxation time (T1), second moment (M2) and degree of crystallinity (%) of the samples increased with increase in cooling rate from 0.5 to 6.9 degrees C/min. In contrast, transverse relaxation time (T2) demonstrated an opposite behavior with respect to T1 and decreased when the cooling rate increased. Additionally, effects of cooling rate on the changes of polymorph structures were detected by X-ray measurements. Degree of crystallinity showed high Pearson correlation values (alpha <= 0.05) with SFC (r = 0.771) and T1(r = 0.932). Changes in the crystal polymorphs could also be explained by NMR parameters to some extent as can be observed by the strong correlation between the 13 crystal content and T2 (r = 0.927). At the highest cooling rate, 13 ' crystals were the dominant polymorphic form and constituted 75(%) of the total crystals present. Results of this study suggested that NMR relaxometry could be used as a complementary tool to interpret the crystallization behavior of PKS

Hypoglycemic activity of Capparis ovata desf. var. palaestina zoh. methanol extract

Caper (Capparis ovata Desf. and Capparis spinosa L.) is naturally widespread in Turkey. Traditionally, buds, fruits, seeds and roots of this plant are used as tonic, diuretic, anti-rheumatic, expectorant, antidiabetic, and antifungal. The aim of this study is to evaluate potential hypoglycemic effect of C. ovata var. palaestina extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. For this purpose; diabetic mice were administered with 100, 300, 500 mg/kg (i.p.) doses of methanol extract of bud and fruit. Blood glucose levels were screened 60, 120, 240 and 360 min. after treatment. Furthermore, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis, ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging activity test, and phenolic and flavonoid compounds analysis of extracts were carried out. The data obtained from in vivo study revealed that fruit-methanol 500 mg/kg (FM3), bud-methanol 300 mg/kg (BM2), bud-methanol 500 mg/kg (BM3) extracts showed significant hypoglycemic activity. All extracts indicated significant antioxidant activity, however bud-methanol (BM) extract demonstrated the most potent antioxidant activity. Moreover high levels of phenolic substances and flavonoids were involved in all extracts, but the highest levels were found in FM extract. HRMS study showed that rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) and stachydrine substances had seen in BM extract. The results of this study showed that the C. ovata var. palaestina extracts which, indicate hypoglycemic, antioxidant activities, might provide additional support in diabetes

Yabanmersini (vaccinium myrtillus l.) meyve özü'nün mide kanseri, ags hücre hattı üzerinde antioksidan aktivitesi ve anti-kanser etkileri

Objective: Vaccinium myrtillus L. fruits are consumed as food. This research was aimed to evaluate V. myrtillus methanol extract antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and determine its anti-cancer potential to further study against gastric cancer. Material and Method: V. myrtillus fruit (Bilberry) methanol extract was examined for its antioxidant activities by ABTS•+ and DPPH• assays. The phytochemical analysis of the extract was studied by HPLC method. The cytotoxic effect of V. myrtillus fruit methanol extract on gastric cancer cell line AGS was measured by Cell Titer-Glo assay. Additionally, as healthy control, fibroblast like human mesenchymal stem cell line was used for testing anti-cancer efficacy. Result and Discussion: V. myrtillus fruit methanol extract showed 0.1413 and 0.0439 mg/mL IC50 values as antioxidant activity by ABTS•+ and DPPH• assays, respectively. Malvidin-3-O-Glucoside was detected as an anthocyanin compound by HPLC method. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that among different concentrations (0.5-10 mg/ml), the most significantly, 2 mg/ml of Bilberry extract treatment decreased the viability of AGS gastric cancer cells while sparing healthy MSC cells. This data suggests the further analysis of Bilberry extract on several cancer cell lines as well as the determination of a potential active substance in the extract.Amaç: Vaccinium myrtillus L. meyvesi Türkiye’de gıda olarak tüketilmektedir. Bu araştırma V. myrtillus metanol ekstresinin antioksidan ve sitotoksisite aktivitelerini ve mide kanser hücresindeki potansiyel etkilerini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: V. myrtillus meyvesi metanol ekstresinin antioksidan aktiviteleri spektrofotometrik olarak ABTS+ ve DPPH• yöntemleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fitokimyasal analiz HPLC yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. V. myrtillus metanol ekstresinin mide kanseri hücre hattı AGS üzerindeki sitotoksik etkisi, Cell Titer-Glo testi ile ölçülmüştür. Ek olarak, anti-kanser etkinlik analizi için fibroblast benzeri insan mezenkimal kök hücre hattı sağlıklı kontrol hücreleri olarak kullanılmıştır. Morfolojik değişiklikler, faz kontrast mikroskobu kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: V. myrtillus meyve metanol ekstresinde ABTS+ ve DPPH• testleri ile sırasıyla 0.1413 ve 0.0439 mg/mL IC50 değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bir antosiyanin bileşiği olarak malvidin-3-O-glukozit HPLC yardımıyla tespit edilmiştir. Sitotoksite analizi, farklı konsantrasyonlar (0.5-10 mg/ml) arasında 2 mg/ml V. myrtillus meyve metanol ekstresinin, sağlıklı MSC hücrelerini korurken AGS mide kanseri hücrelerinin canlılığını azalttığını göstermiştir. Bu veriler, Yaban mersini özünün çeşitli kanser hücre dizileri üzerinde daha fazla analiz edilmesini ve ekstresindeki potansiyel aktif maddelerin belirlenmesini önermektedir

Gemi kaynaklı deniz kirliliğinin önlenmesinde değişen yetki dengeleri bağlamında liman devleti yetkisinin artan önemi ve liman devleti denetimi

GEMİ KAYNAKLI DENİZ KİRLİLİĞİNİN ÖNLENMESİNDE DEĞİŞEN YETKİ DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA LİMAN DEVLETİ YETKİSİNİN ARTAN ÖNEMİ VE LİMAN DEVLETİ DENETİMİ Deniz kirliliğinin giderek artan bir şekilde tüm milletlerarası toplumu tehdit etmeye başlamasının ardından, milletlerarası toplumun bu konuda kararlı bir mücadele sergilediği ve özellikle gemi kaynaklı kirlilik konusunda ayrıntılı düzenlemeler getirdiği görülmektedir. Tezimizde milletlerarası toplumun gemi kaynaklı kirliliğin önlenmesi konusundaki mücadelesi, deniz hukukundaki geleneksel yetki dengelerinde bir değişime sebep olup olmadığı açısından incelenmiş ve bu bağlamda liman devleti yetkisinin artan önemi tartışılmıştır. Devletlerin kendi limanlarında bulunan gemiler üzerinde, ülkesellik prensibi gereğince kural olarak mutlak yetki sahibi olmalarına rağmen uzun zaman gemilerin faaliyetlerinden olumsuz etkilenmedikleri sürece yetki kullanmaktan kaçındıkları görülmüştür. Ancak gemi kaynaklı kirliliğin önlenmesi konusunda yapılan milletlerarası sözleşmelerde, özellikle de kolay bayrak uygulamasının etkisiyle, bayrak devleti yetkisinin yetersiz kalması sonucu liman devletlerine giderek daha önemli roller verildiği görülmüştür. Deniz hukukunda bayrak devletleri ile kıyı devletleri arasındaki tarihi menfaat çatışmasında bir uzlaşma noktası olarak milletlerarası hukukta yerleşmeye başlayan liman devleti yetkisi, devletler arasındaki yetki dengelerinin liman devleti lehine değişim geçirdiğini göstermektedir. Deniz hukukunda devletler arasındaki geleneksel yetki paylaşımının değerlendirildiği ilk bölümdeki incelemeler esas olarak 1958 Cenevre Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmeleri ışığında yapılmıştır. İkinci bölümde deniz kirliliği sorunu, gemi kaynaklı kirlilikle ilgili milletlerarası sözleşmeler ve kolay bayrak kavramı incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde gemi kaynaklı kirliliğin önlenmesine ilişkin 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi ile getirilen düzendeki yetki paylaşımı incelenmiş ve liman devleti yetkisinin değişen rolü tartışılmıştır. Tezimizin son bölümünde liman devleti denetimi konusunda yapılan bölgesel düzenlemeler ve Türkiye’de yapılan liman devleti denetimi incelenmiştir. GROWING SIGNIFICANCE OF PORT STATE JURISDICTION AND PORT STATE CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING JURISDICTION BALANCES FOR PREVENTION OF VESSEL-SOURCE MARINE POLLUTION ABSTRACT After the marine pollution has started to threaten all international society in a gradually increasing way, it is recognized that the international society has exhibited a decisive struggle for this matter and brought detailed arrangements especially for the matter of vessel-source pollution. In our thesis, the struggle of international society for the matter of prevention of vessel-source pollution has been examined in terms of whether it has caused a change in traditional jurisdiction balances in law of the sea and in this context, growing significance of port state jurisdiction has been discussed. Although the states have an absolute power as a rule under the territoriality principle over the vessels which are found in their own ports, it has been recognized that they avoid to exercise their powers as long as they are not affected negatively by the activities of the vessels for a long time. But in the conventions fulfilled for the matter of prevention of vessel-source pollution, especially by the effect of flag of convenience application, it has been recognized that the port states are gradually granted more important roles as a result of the inadequacy of flag state jurisdiction. In the law of the sea, port state jurisdiction which has started to take place in international law as a compromise point in the historical conflict of interests between coastal states and flag states, demonstrates that the jurisdiction balances between the states have diversified in favor of port state. In the law of the sea, the examinations in the first chapter in which the traditional jurisdiction sharing between states are assessed have been mainly fulfilled in the context of 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea. In the second chapter, the issue of marine pollution, international conventions regarding the vessel-source pollution and flag of convenience concept have been examined. In the third chapter, the jurisdiction sharing in the arrangement brought by 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea regarding the prevention of vessel-source pollution has been examined and the changing role of port state jurisdiction has been discussed. In the last chapter of our thesis, the regional arrangements made for the matter of the port state control and the port state control fulfilled in Turkey have been examined

Estimating Personal Water Consumption Using Artificial Intelligence Methods

The estimation of water consumption is a crucial task in achieving global sustainability targets and addressing the long-term water needs of citizens. While some efforts have been done to estimate individual water footprints, there is still limited research in this area. To address this limitation, this article proposes a new artificial intelligence-based model, called WaterAI, to predict individuals’ water consumption scores by taking into account indirect and direct water use through the water footprint indicator. It compares four different machine learning algorithms (linear regression, LASSO regression, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting) to determine the best one for water consumption estimation. The data were collected with a questionnaire survey. The experimental results show that the proposed model can be successfully used to predict personal water consumption scores in an effective way