Neutral-State Green Conjugated Polymers from Pyrrole Bis-Substituted Benzothiadiazole and Benzoselenadiazole for Electrochromic Devices

Two donor/acceptor/donor-type pyrrole-incorporated monomers, 4,7-di(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (M1) and 4,7-di(1H-pyrrol-2-yl) benzo[c][1,2,5] selenadiazole (M2), were synthesized and polymerized electrochemically. The resulting polymers (P1 and P2) were investigated in terms of their electrochromic and optical properties. Spectroelectrochemistry studies revealed that both polymers show two distinct absorptions in both red and blue regions. The absorptions at around 400 and 700 nm correspond to neutral-state green polymers P1 and P2, which is a unique property for conjugated polymers. Optical band gaps were calculated as 1.12 and 1.08 eV for P1 and P2, respectively

Donor-acceptor type random copolymers for full visible light absorption

Copolymerization towards obtaining full visible light absorption is highlighted. Randomly distributed segments of different oligomers resulted in neutral state black copolymers. Solution processability and highly transmissive gray oxidized states make copolymers great candidates to be used in low cost flexible organic electronics

A promising combination of benzotriazole and quinoxaline units: A new acceptor moiety toward synthesis of multipurpose donor-acceptor type polymers

By combining benzotriazole and quinoxaline units in an acceptor unit, three novel monomers, 2-dodecyl-6,7-diphenyl-4,9-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,3] triazolo[4,5-g] quinoxaline (M-1), 2-dodecyl-4,6,7,9- tetra(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,3] triazolo[4,5-g] quinoxaline (M-2) and 6,7-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2- dodecyl-4,9-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,3] triazolo[4,5-g] quinoxaline (M-3), were synthesized and polymerized electrochemically. All polymers revealed both p- and n-type doping properties under ambient conditions. As found by spectroelectrochemical studies they have small band gaps, ca. 1.00 eV. The polymers revealed two distinct absorption bands as all green coloured neutral state donor-acceptor donor type polymers should have. Besides this, all have broad absorptions covering the region between 700 nm and 1000 nm which is rarely seen in electrochromic polymers. Due to these promising features, they are considered to be potential materials for optoelectronics

Acute effects of various antibiotic combinations on acetoclastic methanogenic activity

Pharmaceutical production industries are one of the main sources of antibiotics, and they release considerable amounts of antibiotics to ecosystem. Antibiotics usually present as mixtures in treatment plants and have negative effect on biological processes. In this study, batch acute tests were performed to assess the inhibitory impacts of selected antibiotic combinations of sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (ST), erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole (ES), and erythromycin and tetracycline (ET) on acetoclastic methanogenic activity. Each antibiotic was equally applied, making the total concentrations in the mixtures 0 (control), 2, 20, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/L. Results showed decline characteristic on methane production with increasing antibiotic concentrations. EC50 values were calculated as 275 mg/L for ES, 219 mg/L for ST, and 130 mg/L for ET. Mixture inhibition of ST and ET combinations were accurately predicted using the concept of independent action, while ES combination resulted in almost the same inhibition with that of single antibiotic response. Inhibition on acetate utilization followed similar trend with methane production inhibition