"Vai ser bem na época da minha mestruação em Boomtown, muuuiiito obrigada Mãe Terra: Utilizando dados do twitter para encontrar criatividade multimodal e metáforas corporificadas instantâneas"

Using social media in linguistic and socio-linguistic research is becoming more prevalent, but how does it compare to other methods? We argue that Twitter has some multimodal advantages including providing cognitive linguistic researchers with multimodal data and also in providing “instant” metaphors that are elicited from very specific contexts and bodily experiences. We first review some cognitive data that summarizes the embodied, online nature of language processing and then we present data from 3 different corpora: a COCA corpus, a laboratory experiment, and a corpus made from Twitter data. These methods are compared and discussed in terms of ease of use and contributions to questions of interest for cognitive linguists. Results show that the twitter data is relatively easy to collect, contains many multimodal data points, and also elicits “instant” metaphors that are difficult to find/elicit using other methods.O uso de mídias sociais na pesquisa linguística e sociolinguística está se intensificando, mas como isso se compara a outros métodos? Argumentamos que o twitter apresenta algumas vantagens multimodais, incluindo fornecer dados multimodais a linguistas cognitivos, assim como fornecer metáforas ‘instantâneas’ geradas a partir de contextos e experiências corpóreas muito específicos. Primeiro, analisamos alguns dados que resumem a corporeidade do processamento da linguagem natural online e, então, apresentamos dados gerados a partir de três corpora distintos: do corpus COCA, de um experimento de laboratório, e de um corpus feito a partir de dados do twitter. Esses métodos foram comparados e discutidos em termos de facilidade do uso e contribuições para questões pertinentes para linguistas cognitivos. Os resultados apontam que os dados do twitter são relativamente fáceis de coletar, contém muitos dados multimodais, e também podem elicitar metáforas ‘instantâneas’ que são difíceis de encontrar/elicitar utilizando outros métodos

Diving into the Wreck: Embodied Experience in the Interpretation of Allegory

Allegory refers to a narrative that can be interpreted to reveal an additional layer of symbolic meaning beyond what appears on the surface. More specifically, an embodied allegory is created when the target domain is never explicitly mentioned and the source domain draws upon embodied concepts. For example, the poem, “Diving Into the Wreck,” by Adrienne Rich, describes a scuba diver going down to explore a wrecked ship. Although the poem describes the diverse, specific actions, it also invites an allegorical interpretation in which the investigation of a wrecked ship symbolically represents one person’s look back at a past failed romantic relationship. The present studies investigate whether ordinary readers are capable of inferring allegorical messages when reading Rich’s poem and how they might do so. Two studies prompted participants to think of the poem in a literal way (as though the poem is about scuba diving), in a particular metaphoric way (as though the poem is about a failed relationship), in a general metaphoric way (as though the poem has multiple valid meanings), or with no prompt (in a control condition participants saw no prompt). In general, the data suggests that participants could interpret the allegorical messages in the Rich poem, not through abstract, disembodied processes, but rather through embodied simulations. These results are considered in relationship to current theories in cognitive science on conceptual metaphor and allegory. I argue that allegorical interpretation is not limited to formal analyses done by literary scholars. Instead, the embodied simulations that are a fundamental trait of human cognition drive allegorical interpretation. The same resources used to reason about action and perception are used to comprehend both everyday language as well as poetic instances of allegory

Metod för identifiering av metaforiska scener (PIMS): rumsliga och abstrakta relationer. - Delstudie 1: Reliabilitetstest av korpusdata med prepositionen into

This study tackles the tricky problem of identifying metaphors in language that includes prepositions (e.g., Reijnierse, 2019, Herrmann et al., 2019, Nacey et al. 2019, Marhula and Rosiński, 2019). We demonstrate how the Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse (Johansson Falck & Okonski, manuscript accepted for publication), can be used to identify metaphorical relations reflected in language. Two studies are presented that test the reliability of the procedure and the sensitivity of the tool for prepositions. Results show that PIMS provides a simple procedure that increases both reliability and sensitivity for prepositional constructions. By focusing on the scenes evoked by linguistic constructions, the procedure highlights the contextual meanings of the constructions and the specific experiences that they code. References: Herrmann, B., et al. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in German. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 113-136). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Johansson Falck, M. and L. Okonski (manuscript accepted for publication). "Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS): A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Bridge Theory and Practice." Cognitive Semantics. Marhula, J. and M. Rosiński (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in Polish. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 183-202). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Nacey, S., et al. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in Scandinavian. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 137-158). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Reijnierse, W. G. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in French. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 69-90). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. In a first study, we used PIMS to identify metaphorical ‘into relations’ that are evoked by sentences that include the preposition into. The data was excepted from (Davies, 2008). We excerpted instances of into + noun collocations where into was tagged as a preposition and the noun was located in a window one word to the right of the preposition. For more information, please see Johansson Falck and Okonski (2022). Reference: Davies, Mark. (2008-) The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Available online at https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/. Johansson Falck, M. and L. Okonski (manuscript accepted for publication). "Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS): A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Bridge Theory and Practice." Cognitive Semantics, in press, https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2022.2062243.Denna studie adresserar problematiken i att identifiera metaforisk betydelse som reflekteras i språk som innehåller prepositioner (t.ex., Reijnierse, 2019, Herrmann et al., 2019, Nacey et al. 2019, Marhula och Rosiński, 2019). Studien visar hur Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse diskurs (Johansson Falck & Okonski, manuskript accepterat för publikation) kan användas för att identifiera metaforiska relationer i språk som innehåller prepositioner. Två studier presenteras där metodens reliabilitet samt känslighet i att identifiera metaforisk betydelse testas. Studierna visar att metoden är tillförlitlig samt att den underlättar identifiering av metaforisk betydelse i den här typen av konstruktioner. Litteraturreferenser Herrmann, B., et al. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in German. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 113-136). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Johansson Falck, M. and L. Okonski (manuskript accepterat för publikation). "Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS): A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Bridge Theory and Practice." Cognitive Semantics. Marhula, J. and M. Rosiński (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in Polish. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 183-202). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Nacey, S., et al. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in Scandinavian. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 137-158). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Reijnierse, W. G. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in French. In Nacey, S., Dorst, A. G., Krennmayr, T. W., Reijnierse, W. G. (Eds.). Metaphor Identification in Multiple Languages: MIPVU Around the World, Volume 22 (pp 69-90). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Vi använde PIMS för att identifiera konstruktioner med den engelska prepositionen into. För detaljer läs vidare i den engelska versionen av denna databeskrivning

Procedure for identifying metaphorical scenes (pims) : a cognitive linguistics approach to bridge theory and practice

Over the past decades, several procedures have been developed to identify metaphors at the lexical level. However, because language is complex, there may not be one superior metaphor identification procedure that applies to all data. Moreover, metaphoridentification inevitably involves decisions on linguistic form that may not work equally well with all linguistic frameworks. We introduce a Procedure for IdentifyingMetaphorical Scenes (PIMS) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse.The procedure is a prerequisite for the identification of metaphorical meaning that extends over phrases or longer stretches of text other than those defined as lexical units in current metaphor identification procedures and better reflects the CognitiveLinguistic (CL) view that linguistic meaning is equal to complex conceptualizations (Langacker, 2002, 2010), embodied (Gibbs, 2006), and simulation-based (Bergen, 2012). It takes the scenes evoked by the context into account and focuses on the experiences that are coded by the linguistic constructions

Metaphorical and non-metaphorical meaning from spatial relations

Speakers regularly use their experiences of spatial relations to construe linguistic meaning in metaphorical and non-metaphorical ways. Still, we have yet to identify the meaning-bearing functions that different spatial relations commonly serve. This paper focuses on into relations. Using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, we apply an Embodied Scenes approach to identify the categories of concepts that are regularly construed with ‘into relations’ and the actions that are commonly involved. More generally, we aim to show how spatial metaphors can be systematically studied by investigating the collocates of prepositions and prepositional constructions.

Gonna be on my fucking period in boomtown, souuuunndd thanks Mother Nature : using Twitter to find multimodal creativity and embodied instant metaphors

Using social media in linguistic and socio-linguistic research is becoming more prevalent, but how does it compare to other methods? We argue that Twitter has some multimodal advantages including providing cognitive linguistic researchers with multimodal data and also in providing "instant" metaphors that are elicited from very specific contexts and bodily experiences. We first review some cognitive data that summarizes the embodied, online nature of language processing and then we present data from 3 different corpora: a COCA corpus, a laboratory experiment, and a corpus made from Twitter data. These methods are compared and discussed in terms of ease of use and contributions to questions of interest for cognitive linguists. Results show that the twitter data is relatively easy to collect, contains many multimodal data points, and also elicits "instant" metaphors that are difficult to find/elicit using other methods."Vai ser bem na época da minha mestruação em Boomtown, muuuiiito obrigada Mãe Terra: Utilizando dados do twitter para encontrar criatividade multimodal e metáforas corporificadas instantâneas" O uso de mídias sociais na pesquisa linguística e sociolinguística está se intensificando, mas como isso se compara a outros métodos? Argumentamos que o twitter apresenta algumas vantagens multimodais, incluindo fornecer dados multimodais a linguistas cognitivos, assim como fornecer metáforas 'instantâneas' geradas a partir de contextos e experiências corpóreas muito específicos. Primeiro, analisamos alguns dados que resumem a corporeidade do processamento da linguagem natural online e, então, apresentamos dados gerados a partir de três corpora distintos: do corpus COCA, de um experimento de laboratório, e de um corpus feito a partir de dados do twitter. Esses métodos foram comparados e discutidos em termos de facilidade do uso e contribuições para questões pertinentes para linguistas cognitivos. Os resultados apontam que os dados do twitter são relativamente fáceis de coletar, contém muitos dados multimodais, e também podem elicitar metáforas 'instantâneas' que são difíceis de encontrar/elicitar utilizando outros métodos

Procedure for identifying metaphorical scenes (PIMS) : The case of spatial and abstract relations

The Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) (Johansson Falck & Okonski, accepted) was developed to identify metaphorical meaning that extends over phrases or longer stretches of text, but it can also be used to identify metaphorically understood concepts coded by individual words. It focuses on scenes evoked by linguistic expressions to distinguish metaphorical, non-metaphorical, and ambiguous cases. In this paper, we pay particular attention to the relationships evoked by prepositional constructions and the elements that are part of these relationships. Our main aims are to show how PIMS can be used to identify metaphors in language that includes prepositions and to test the reliability of the procedure. We first describe the tricky nature of prepositions and why PIMS is needed in this particular context. Then we introduce the procedure and present two studies that test its reliability. In Study 1, PIMS was applied to a large corpus of sentences containing the preposition into (n = 8,500 instances). In Study 2, we analyze a mixed-preposition text that was previously used in a MIPVU study (Nacey, Dorst, Krennmayr, & Reijnierse, 2019a) in order to directly compare the reliability of PIMS to previous procedures for analyzing prepositions

Protecting the Researcher in Digital Contexts

In recent years, a growing need for protecting researchers has become necessary as online risks such as death threats and “doxing” are more frequent risks in relation to an increased digital landscape of anti-gender, far right extremists, and anti-science movements. This paper suggests resources and strategies for preventing threats and protecting researchers. By improving safety and support, entities such as universities, departments, and research groups can avoid the negative impact of online harassment on researchers’ reputation and health, on academic research and for democracy

Inferring pragmatic messages from metaphor

When speakers utter metaphors, such as "Lawyers are also sharks," they often intend to communicate messages beyond those expressed by the metaphorical meaning of these expressions. For instance, in some circumstances, a speaker may state "Lawyers are also sharks" to strengthen a previous speaker's negative beliefs about lawyers, to add new information about lawyers to listeners to some context, or even to contradict a previous speaker's positive assertions about lawyers. In each case, speaking metaphorically communicates one of these three social messages that are relevant to the ongoing discourse. At the same time, speaking metaphorically may express other social and affective information that is more difficult to convey using non-metaphorical speech, such as "Lawyers are also aggressive." We report the results of three experiments demonstrating that people infer different pragmatic messages from metaphors in varying social situations and that many metaphors can express additional pragmatic and rhetorical meanings beyond those conveyed by non-metaphorical language. These findings demonstrate the importance of trade-offs between cognitive effort and cognitive effects in pragmatic theories of metaphor use and understanding