Knowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) of tuberculosis patients enrolled on treatment in Juba City, South Sudan 2010: a pilot study

Study setting: Juba Teaching Hospital, Juba city, Republic of South Sudan, 2010.Objective: To examine, knowledge, attitude and practices of tuberculosis (TB) patients enrolled on tuberculosis treatment, Juba, South Sudan.Design: Descriptive studyResults: Knowledge in TB: Of the 102 patients interviewed; up to 80.4% were not knowledgeable on cause of TB, 52% did not know correct signs and symptoms of TB, 39.2% did not know overall treatment duration, 54.9% did not know the importance of strict adherence to treatment. Knowledge on correct diagnosis was 87.3% and on correct means of TB transmission was 79.4%.Practices and Attitudes: On practices; 94.1% respondents were able to perform at least one task to stop spread of disease, access to free TB test occurred in 100% of cases and for free drugs in 99% cases. Health care workers correctly suspected TB on first contact in 95.1% of cases. Patients were offered health education on drug side effects in 93.1% of cases, on HIV testing and counselling in 74.5% of cases. Disclosure of TB diagnosis by patient to family or community did not occur in 91.2% cases. Family, community and employers offered support to patients in 92.2%, 95.1% and 98% of cases respectively.Conclusion: We found key knowledge gaps among Juba TB patients enrolled on treatment. These knowledge gaps are probably responsible for the high treatment defaulter rates reported in Juba, South Sudan. Tuberculosis patients are still not interested to freely reveal disease diagnosis to members of the family and community at large

DIMERIC MOLECULAR AGGREGATION MOTIF IN CRYSTAL OF 2,7-DIETHOXY-1-(4-NITROBENZOYL)NAPHTHALENE: CORRELATION OF SINGLE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, MOLECULAR ACCUMULATION STRUCTURE AND NON-COVALENT-BONDING INTERACTIONS

Crystal structure of 2,7-diethoxy-1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)naphthalene, C21H19NO5, is reported and discussed on the characteristics of the spatial organization of single molecule and molecular aggregation as contrasted with a homologous compound. The molecular structures of these compounds differ only in the kind of alkoxy group of 2,7-positions of naphthalene rings, i.e., ethoxy groups for title compound and methoxy ones for homologue. In single molecular crystal structure, the 4-nitrobenzoyl groups of these molecules are attached non-coplanarly to the naphthalene ring. The congested situation makes bonds connecting naphthalene ring and carbonyl group fixed to turn stereogenetic, which allow the independent existence of atrope stereoisomers of (R)- and (S)-enantiomeric conformer molecules, contrary to their solute state where the fast interconversion disturbs the distinction of the enantiomeric molecules. The two pairs of the enantiomeric molecules are related by two-fold helical axis in the asymmetric unit of P21/n space group for title compound and P21/c for homologous compound, exhibiting the number of molecules (Z) is four for both compounds. In crystal of title compound, (R)- and (S)-enantiomers are connected to each other by pi…pi stacking interaction and two types of C–H…O=N non-classical hydrogen bonds, (sp2)C–H…O=N and (sp3)C–H…O=N non-classical hydrogen bonds along b-axis, forming centrosymmetric dimeric molecular aggregates. The dimeric units are stacked into columnar structure by (sp2)C–H…O=C non-classical hydrogen bonds between molecular unit of identical enantiomeric configuration along a-axis. The columns are also connected by (sp2)C–H…OEt non-classical hydrogen bonds between molecular unit of identical enantiomeric configuration along c-axis to give sheet-like aggregate composed of molecules of same enantiomeric configuration spreading on ac-plane. The sheets are piled up through (sp3)C–H…pi non-classical hydrogen bonds between opposite enantiomeric molecular units of next dimeric aggregates along b-axis. In crystal of the homologous compound, 2,7-dimethoxy-1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)naphthalene, centrosymmetric dimeric aggregate resulted from the association of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers via pi…pi stacking interactions are also observed. The centrosymmetric dimeric aggregates are unidirectionally lined by two kinds of non-classical hydrogen bonds between molecular unit of identical enantiomeric configuration, (sp3)C–H…O=C and (sp3)C–H…pi non-classical hydrogen bonds, giving columnar structure. The columns are accumulated giving a wavy sheet structure composed of stripes of respective enantiomeric configuration oriented alternatively and anti-parallelly through weak (sp2)C–H…pi non-classical hydrogen bonds. The difference of higher ordered structure between title compound and homologue is plausibly explained according to one CH2 margin in 2,7-dialkoxy groups, i.e., elongation of the least length in alkyl group of title compound compared to homologue brings about the sterically significant hindrance among dimeric aggregates that makes rather anisotropic intermolecular non-covalent bonding interactions resulting in accumulating sheet structure. For 1-monoaroylnaphthalene compounds, the most stabilized single molecular structure on condition that the sufficiently effective intermolecular interaction is absent is proposed the perpendicular alignment of naphthalene and benzene rings to prevent the steric repulsion of two aromatic rings. The smaller spatial volume of methyl group in homologue molecule is plausibly able to be merged without large alternation in the single molecular structure most stabilized. Contrarily, the additional methylene unit at 2,7-alkoxy group probably requires the rather large perturbation from the supposed structure most stabilized

Phosphomolybdic acid as an efficient hole injection material in perovskite optoelectronic devices

Efficient perovskite devices consist in a perovskite film sandwiched in between charge selective layers, in order to avoid non-radiative recombination. A common metal oxide used as p-type or hole transport layer is molybdenum oxide. MoO3 is of particular interest for its very large work function, which allows it to be used both as an interfacial charge transfer material as well as a dopant for organic semiconductors. However, high quality and high work function MoO3 is typically thermally evaporated in vacuum. An alternative solution-processable high work function material is phosphomolybdic acid (PMA), which is stable, commercially available and environmentally friendly. In this communication, we show the first application of PMA in efficient vacuum processed perovskite devices. We found that the direct growth of perovskite films onto PMA lead to strong charge carrier recombination, hindering the solar cell photovoltage. By using an energetically suitable selective transport layer placed in between PMA and the perovskite film, solar cells with efficiency > 13% as well as LEDs with promising quantum efficiency can be obtained

The Pilot Study for Health Check-Ups System at Elementary School in Cambodia

Background: In Cambodia, there is no national health check-ups system for the schoolchildren and the general population. This pilot study aimed to promote a school health check-ups system in collaboration with the government of Cambodia. Method: From 2016 to 2017, we conducted a survey in an elementary school in Siem Reap province, Cambodia. Two hundred and ninety-two students were eligible for data analysis. Physical examination, questionnaire and urinalysis were conducted using the Japanese school health check-ups model. Anthropometry was measured using the World Health Organization’s growth reference data for school-age children. Results: Among 292 schoolchildren, 88.7% were diagnosed as healthy. Based on the evaluation criteria of health examination in the study, two (0.7%) students with rale, one (0.3%) student with abnormal urinalysis, and another 27 students complaining of cardiopulmonary symptoms were recommended for further consultation at hospital. The prevalence of overweight (15.1%) was higher than that of underweight (8.6%). According to parents’ questionnaires responses, the coverage rate of the National Immunization Program varied from 41.8% to 79.8% depending on each particular vaccine. Conclusion: In this pilot study, we showed the prevalence of healthy among Cambodian schoolchildren and detected the students having possibility of health problem through this health check-ups and then recommended for further hospital visit. Based on the results, we assume that health check-ups system in elementary school as a whole Cambodia will be effective to assess the current health status in ordinary time and possibility of early detection of disease

チッソカンノウキヲユウスルperi-アロイルナフタレンカゴウブツノゴウセイトクウカンコウゾウニカンスルケンキュウ

博士（工学）東京農工大

Pola terapi hipoalbuminemia dan luaran klinis pada pasien sindrum nefrotik dengan hipoalbuminemia dan luaran klinis pada pasien sindrom nefrotik dengan hipoalbuminemia di RSUP DR. M.DJAMIL PADANG

xiii ,61 hlm ,21x29 c

Luminescence enhancement by symmetry-breaking in the excited state in radical organic light-emitting diodes

Organic π-conjugated radicals have recently joined the ranks of high-efficiency light-emitting materials; however, their light-emission mechanism is still a matter of debate. Here, the authors highlight a recently proposed luminescent enhancement mechanism and record-breaking efficiency of a radical organic light-emitting diode

POLA TERAPI HIPOALBUMINEMIA DAN LUARAN KLINIS PADA PASIEN SINDROM NEFROTIK DENGAN HIPOALBUMINEMIA DI RSUP DR. M. DJAMIL PADANG

Hipoalbuminemia merupakan kondisi ketika kadar albumin dalam darah berada di bawah normal (< 3,5 g/dL). Hipoalbuminemia dapat terjadi pada berbagai penyakit, salah satunya adalah sindrom nefrotik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat pola terapi hipoalbuminemia serta hubungan antara jenis kelamin, usia, terapi hipoalbuminemia dan tingkat keparahan hipoalbuminemia terhadap luaran klinis pasien sindrom nefrotik dengan hipoalbuminemia di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah retrospektif desain penelitian cross sectional dengan pengambilan data melalui rekam medis pasien sindrom nefrotik sebanyak 54 sampel. Dari 54 data, 37 pasien sindrom nefrotik dengan hipoalbuminemia diterapi menggunakan infus albumin, 7 pasien diterapi dengan ekstrak ikan gabus, dan 10 pasien yang tidak diberikan terapi hipoalbuminemia. Analisis data menggunakan uji Mann Whitney untuk melihat pengaruh antara jenis kelamin dengan luaran klinis pasien dan menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis untuk melihat pengaruh usia, tingkat keparahan hipoalbuminemia, dan terapi hipoalbuminemia terhadap luaran klinis pasien. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tingkat keparahan hipoalbuminemia berpengaruh secara signifikan dengan persentase peningkatan albumin (p<0,05), dimana pasien dengan tingkat keparahan hipoalbuminemia berat memiliki persentase kenaikan albumin lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pasien dengan tingkat keparahan hipoalbuminemia ringan dan sedang. Kemudian terapi hipoalbuminemia berpengaruh secara signifikan dengan persentase peningkatan albumin (p<0,05), dimana pasien yang diterapi dengan infus albumin memiliki persentase peningkatan albumin lebih tinggi dibandingkan pasien yang diterapi dengan ekstrak ikan gabus dan yang tidak diberikan terapi hipoalbuminemia