Conceptual design of an orbital debris collector

The current Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) environment has become overly crowded with space debris. An evaluation of types of debris is presented in order to determine which debris poses the greatest threat to operation in space, and would therefore provide a feasible target for removal. A target meeting these functional requirements was found in the Cosmos C-1B Rocket Body. These launchers are spent space transporters which constitute a very grave risk of collision and fragmentation in LEO. The motion and physical characteristics of these rocket bodies have determined the most feasible method of removal. The proposed Orbital Debris Collector (ODC) device is designed to attach to the Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV), which provides all propulsion, tracking, and power systems. The OMV/ODC combination, the Rocket Body Retrieval Vehicle (RBRV), will match orbits with the rocket body, use a spin table to match the rotational motion of the debris, capture it, despin it, and remove it from orbit by allowing it to fall into the Earth's atmosphere. A disposal analysis is presented to show how the debris will be deorbited into the Earth's atmosphere. The conceptual means of operation of a sample mission is described

Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal outcomes in clopidogrel users on proton pump inhibitors: results of a large Dutch cohort study.

Contains fulltext : 88128.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have raised concerns on the clinical effectiveness of clopidogrel when taken in combination with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), demonstrating an increase in the occurrence of cardiovascular events. In this study, the association between the co-administration of a PPI and clopidogrel and the occurrence of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal (GI) events in a large cohort in the Netherlands was investigated. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using data from 4 million individuals. New clopidogrel users were identified between January 2006 and December 2007 and followed over time. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression [corrected]analysis were used to calculate the risk of cardiovascular and GI outcomes in clopidogrel patients with or without PPI use. RESULTS: A total of 18,139 new clopidogrel users were identified; 5,734 subjects (32%) used PPIs concurrently. Patients on PPIs were significantly older, used more co-medications and suffered from more comorbidities. Use of clopidogrel and PPIs was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio (HR) 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-2.65), unstable angina pectoris (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.60-2.03), and the composite endpoint (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.58-1.94) compared with clopidogrel users without PPIs. PPI users also had an increased risk of GI events compared with non-PPI users (HR 4.76, 95% CI 1.18-19.17). CONCLUSIONS: New clopidogrel users on PPIs are at an increased risk of cardiovascular and GI complications compared with those who are not using a PPI. The inferior cardiovascular profile of clopidogrel users on PPIs and the occurrence of channeling bias may be important factors underlying this observation.1 november 201