Areas of natural occurrence of melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811(Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

The bee Melipona scutellaris is considered the reared meliponine species with the largest distribution in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, with records from the state of Rio Grande do Norte down to the state of Bahia. Considering the importance of this species in the generation of income for family agriculture and in the preservation of areas with natural vegetation, this study aimed at providing knowledge on the distribution of natural colonies of M. scutellaris in the state of Bahia. Literature information, interviews with stinglessbee beekeepers, and expeditions were conducted to confirm the natural occurrence of the species. A total of 102 municipalities showed records for M. scutellaris, whose occurrence was observed in areas ranging from sea level up to 1,200-meter height. The occurrence of this species in the state of Bahia is considered to be restricted to municipalities on the coastal area and the Chapada Diamantina with its rainforests. Geographic coordinates, elevation, climate and vegetation data were obtained, which allowed a map to be prepared for the area of occurrence in order to support conservation and management policies for the species

Rules, Standards, and the Internal Point of View

Large scale structure and cosmolog

Comportamento ingestivo de vacas alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar e diferentes níveis de concentrado

Foram estudados os efeitos de diferentes níveis de suplementação de vacas leiteiras alimentadas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o comportamento ingestivo destes animais. Os níveis de suplementação concentrada foram definidos pelo balanceamento das dietas para conter nutrientes suficientes para mantença e produção de 6, 9, 12 e 15 kg.dia-1 de leite. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Paulistinha, na cidade de Macarani-BA, no período de julho a setembro de 2006. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, onde estes animais foram observados por dois dias consecutivos e feito uma média dos resultados obtidos para cada animal, chegando a 32 observações e oito repetições por tratamento. Os tempos despendidos com alimentação, ruminação e ócio, o tempo de mastigação total, o número de bolos ruminais, o número de mastigações merícicas por dia e o tempo de ruminação por bolo não diferiram entre os tratamentos (p>0,05), enquanto que para o número de mastigações merícicas por bolo apresentou um comportamento quadrático e para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação houve um acréscimo linear com o aumento do nível de concentrado

Characterization of tillers in deferred Piata palisade grass with different initial heights and nitrogen levels

This experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of nitrogen fertilization associated with the initial height of the Piata palisade grass on the number and structural characteristics of individual tillers after the deferment period. An area with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata measuring approximately 288 m² was used. Combinations of levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 75 and 150 kg/ha of nitrogen) and initial heights of the sward (low - 20 cm, medium - 30 cm and high - 40 cm) were evaluated. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks in subdivided plots with three replications. The number of vegetative tillers, the stem length of the vegetative, reproductive and dead tillers, and the number of dead leaves of the reproductive and the dead tillers linearly increased with the elevation in the nitrogen level. The deferred Piata palisade grass with low initial height showed lower number of dead basal tillers, shorter length of stems and leaf blades in reproductive tillers and lower number of live and dead leaves in vegetative tillers in relation to the one managed with height considered medium and high. Nitrogen fertilization, in association with low initial height, provides the optimization of forage of Piata palisade grass in deferment conditions

Relativistic quantum dynamics of a charged particle in cosmic string spacetime in the presence of magnetic field and scalar potential

In this paper we analyze the relativistic quantum motion of charged spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles in the presence of a uniform magnetic field and scalar potentials in the cosmic string spacetime. In order to develop this analysis, we assume that the magnetic field is parallel to the string and the scalar potentials present a cylindrical symmetry with their center on the string. Two distinct configurations for the scalar potential, $S(r)$, are considered: $(i)$ the potential proportional to the inverse of the polar distance, i.e., $S\propto1/r$, and $(ii)$ the potential proportional to this distance, i.e., $S\propto r$. The energy spectra are explicitly computed for different physical situations and presented their dependences on the magnetic field strength and scalar coupling constants.Comment: New version with 20 pages and no figure. Some minor revisions and six references added. Accepted for publication in EJP