Coping styles and learning in fish: developing behavioural tools for welfare-friendly aquaculture

- Given the known stressful effects of many husbandry practices in carp aquaculture and the desirability of improving the welfare of farmed fish, the main aim of the study described in this thesis was to explore the possibility of developing a low-stress sorting system for common carp, based on a conditioned response to a visual cue signalling the presence of food. An additional aim was to investigate possible effects of individual stress coping strategy, which necessitated recording the behaviour of and keeping track of known individuals over periods of weeks to months. Photographic images of scales patterns in common carp can be used reliably for individual identification over periods of months. These individual identifiers, together with dye marks, were deemed sufficient for the purposes of the programme of research described in this thesis (Chapter 2). In general, rate of emergence from shelter into a potentially-dangerous novel environment containing food (a commonly-used method for screening fish for risk-taking) proved to be a consistent individual trait in common carp, even when fish were tested in different, randomly composed groups of fish on different occasions (Chapter 2). Consistent individual differences were also found in frequency of inspection of an unfamiliar object and in ability to gain access to a restricted food source. However, individual differences in performance in these 3 tests (novel environment, novel object and food competition) were unrelated when carp were tested in unfamiliar groups (Chapter 3). An examination was carried out on 5 data sets in which morphometric data were collected from common carp or goldfish assigned to a risk-taking phenotype on the basis of a novel environment test. Statistical differences were found in only 2 of these studies; both on common carp, with risk-takers in better condition than risk-avoiders. These support the “growth-mortality trade off” model (Chapter 6). Common carp classified as risk-taking, risk-avoiding and intermediate (on the basis of a series of novel environment tests) were given a simple conditioning treatment in which the presence of food in one of two potential feeding compartments was signalled by one of two movable coloured lights. Patterns of settlement (emergence from shelter to explore the learning tank and time to feed) confirmed the original classification into risk-taking phenotype (Chapter 3). Over successive trials, the carp learned to forage fast and efficiently. 51.67% achieved this by using the coloured landmark; the remainder adopted a different strategy, swimming to one of the feeding compartments at random and switching immediately to the other compartment if no food was found. This was an efficient foraging strategy because of the close proximity of the two feeding chambers (Chapter 3). Once the criterion for learning had been reached, the fish that had learned to associate a particular visual cue were given a reversal learning test, in which food was associated with the previously un-rewarded colour. 83.33% of fish adjusted their behaviour (choosing LC/RS strategy), learning to swim to the previously un-rewarded colour within an average of 12 training sessions (Chapter 3). The colour red seems to be more efficient for training carp. In chapter 3, more fish learned to follow the red light compared to the yellow light and in chapter 4, fish trained with red light had a higher percentage of correct choices than fish trained with blue or green lights (Chapter 3 and 4). Some differences in behaviour between risk-taking categories were found during both the learning and the reversal learning phase. Risk-taking fish were faster to emerge and find food than risk-avoiders during the learning phase and tended to adopt the random switch strategy during the learning phase. Fish classified as risk-avoiders in terms tended to follow the cue (Chapter 3). Small groups comprising one risk-taking, one risk-avoiding and one intermediate carp (tentatively assigned on the basis of a series of novel environment tests) were exposed to a demand-feeding system in which pellets of food were delivered whenever a fish approached and/or touched a sensor identified by a coloured light of a specific colour (red, green or blue). 62% of the 18 groups (with a slight predominance of fish trained using a red light) tested were able to form this association and to feed efficiently under the demand regime. Within these groups, in general the individual that touched the sensor most gained most food. The behaviour of the groups that had failed to learn was unaffected by the addition of a trained “tutor” fish from one of the groups that had learned to touch the sensor for food (Chapter 4). For those groups that had learned to approach and touch the sensor, the fish were then exposed to three sensors located in different parts of the training tank signalled by different coloured lights, only one of which (that on which the fish had been trained) delivered food. The position of the sensors was changed between trials. In general, the fish tended to move towards and exploit the sensor signalled by the light colour on which they had originally been trained; this was particularly the case for fish trained on the red light. Carp classified as risk-avoiders made fewer correct choices early on in the three-light phase, but made predominantly correct choices in later trials (Chapter 4). Groups of 3 carp that had reached a criterion for having learned to approach a light of each of the three colours (i.e. one red-trained, one blue-trained and one green-trained) were then placed at the centre of a large tank with three lights, one of each colour, in the corner and the light approached by each fish recorded. In general, the fish were significantly more likely to approach the colour of light on which they had been trained, even though this meant separating from their companions. This effect was stronger for fish trained on the red light and disappeared after several (unrewarded) trials (Chapter 4). This result suggests that it might be possible to apply spatial separation of individuals within groups of carp on the basis of a learned association between the delivery of food and a light cue of a specific colour. During the course of this programme of work, the opportunity arose through the COST STSM programme to examine risk-taking phenotype, physiological stress response and brain structure in common carp of the 4 families reared either at high densities, in tanks under intensive farming condition or in natural ponds. A disease outbreak compromised the aims of this study, but significant family effects were found among both pond- and tank-reared fish for length, weight and condition factor as well as for emergence time in a novel environment test and approach to a novel object, indicating a heritable component to the variation in these traits. There was no relationship at the family level between emergence time and tendency to approach a novel object (Chapter 5) Fish from families that, on average, were heavier and longer took a long time to emerge from shelter, while those from families that were smaller and in poorer condition took more risks in this set up. Tank-reared fish were much slower to emerge than were pond-reared fish, possibly because the latter were in poorer condition (Chapter 5). Plasma cortisol levels were markedly higher in pond-reared fish compared to tank-reared fish of the same family, presumably due to the stressful experience of both harvesting and disease. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were lower in pond-reared fish, presumably due to their poor nutritional status (Chapter 5). The relationship between an estimate of forebrain size and overall brain size was different in pond and tank reared fish, with most pond reared families having a larger forebrain area than tank reared fish (Chapter 5). Also during the course of this programme of work, two related studies were carried out in collaboration with colleagues in the Division of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Together with Hussein Jen-Jan, we explored some hidden costs of an aggressive, proactive life style by examining respiratory function in relation to coping strategy in common carp (chapter 6). Morphometric analysis of the fine structure of the gills was used to estimate respiratory area and histological analysis of sections through the gill filaments was used to measure the extent to which the secondary lamellae were obscured by epithelial cells. There was a significant relationship between risk-taking phenotype and both the size of the respiratory surface and the extent to which this is exposed as opposed to covered with epithelial cells. Risk-taking fish had larger and more exposed respiratory surfaces than did risk-avoiding fish, with fish with intermediate risk-taking phenotype having intermediate scores. These differences are interpreted as an adaptation to the known high resting metabolic rate of risk-taking fish (Chapter 6). Together with Priyadarshini, we look at social interactions and growth in relation to risk-taking phenotype in goldfish. Within the social groups, though most goldfish showed no aggressive behaviour, some of the fish attacked their companions at least once per minute of observation and some individuals showed as many as 8 attacks per minute. These levels are surprisingly high for what is usually seen as a non-aggressive species. In groups comprising 3 goldfish of each risk-taking category, the risk-avoiding fish showed relatively little aggression. Overall, fish that showed any aggression within social groups gained preferential access to a restricted food supply (Chapter 6). There were no differences in weight, length or condition between risk-taking and risk-avoiding goldfish at the point of initial screening, but by the end of the experiment the risk-avoiding fish held in groups with other risk-avoiders had gained less weight and had strikingly lower condition factors compared to the other categories of fish (i.e. all risk-avoiders and risk-takers held in mixed groups). It is suggested that some sort of social facilitation of fear keeps levels of stress high in groups composed entirely of risk-avoiding fish (Chapter 6). The implications of all these results are considered in a final general discussion (Chapter 7)

Perspectivas para o marco legal do terceiro setor

A existência de um ambiente regulatório moderno, claro e estável é fator fundamental para promover a expansão e a qualificação do investimento social privado no Brasil. Com base nessa premissa, o GIFE -- Grupo de Institutos, Fundações e Empresas desenvolve, desde 2003, ações com o objetivo de contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da legislação brasileira do terceiro setor, construindo um ambiente mais favorável ao investimento social e à atuação das organizações da sociedade civil. Essa publicação tem como objetivo orientar a atuação de advocacy do GIFE

Celular and molecular implications induced by AHSP knockdown in K562 cells

Orientador: Fernando Ferreira CostaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: A AHSP é uma proteína que se liga à aHb, prevenindo a precipitação e a atividade pró-oxidante da mesma. Na presença de ßHb, o complexo protéico aHb-AHSP é desmembrado e a ßHb desloca a AHSP para formar a estrutura quartenária da hemoglobina. Em estudo com camundongos portadores de ß-talassemia com deleção do gene AHSP, foi demonstrado que estes camundongos apresentaram maior precipitação de aHb em seus eritrócitos e níveis acentuados de anemia. Adicionalmente, estudos in vitro, utilizando proteína recombinante, mostraram que quando as aHbs encontram-se estabilizadas pela AHSP, há menor produção de ROS em solução fisiológica. Desta forma, têm sido proposto que a AHSP talvez desempenhe um importante papel como modulador da gravidade clínica nas síndromes ß-talassêmicas. A relação entre a formação da hemoglobina e alterações na expressão do gene AHSP ainda é desconhecida em humanos. O estudo de tal relação molecular seria fundamental para que o papel da AHSP na eritropoese humana fosse melhor entendido, bem como embasaria futuros estudos sobre a gravidade clínica nas síndromes ß-talassêmicas em humanos. Diante disso, a relação entre a formação da hemoglobina e a diminuição da expressão do gene AHSP foi investigada neste estudo. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: induzir o silenciamento estável do gene AHSP em células humanas de linhagem eritróide, identificar possível precipitação de aHbs em células com redução na expressão do gene AHSP e investigar implicações no metabolismo celular decorrentes da diminuição significativa da expressão deste gene. Desta forma, células K562 foram transfectadas sem vetor, com vetor de expressão de short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) para o gene AHSP e com vetor de expressão de shRNAs para uma seqüência de DNA controle não homóloga ao genoma humano através de eletroporação e de um reagente lipídico não lipossômico (Effectene®). Após a transfecção, as células passaram por um período de seleção com Neomicina. Terminado este período, o substrato Hemina foi acrescentado ao meio de cultura das células transfectadas e controle, para que a expressão de genes da linhagem eritróide fosse ativada. Amostras das culturas com Hemina foram coletadas e a expressão dos genes AHSP, a-globina, ?-globina e GATA-1 foi quantificada por real-time PCR. O silenciamento do gene AHSP, em ambos os processos de transfecção, foi significativo e acima de 70%, propiciando considerável precipitação de aHb evidenciada por imunofluorescência, bem como acentuada diminuição na produção de hemoglobina identificada através de citometria de fluxo. Além disso, por meio desta última metodologia, evidenciou-se que as células silenciadas para AHSP tiveram maior produção de ROS e maior porcentagem de marcação celular para Anexina e PI. Adicionalmente, a análise dos dados obtidos por real-time PCR demonstrou que não houve alteração significativa na expressão dos genes a-globina e ?-globina, e apenas GATA-1 apresentou expressão tardia significativa nas células silenciadas para AHSP. Finalmente, estes dados indicam que a expressão do AHSP está fortemente relacionada com a formação da hemoglobina e sugerem, pela primeira vez, que este gene codifica uma proteína de função crucial durante a eritropoese humana. Ainda, estes resultados reforçam a função da AHSP descrita previamente em modelos animaisAbstract: Alpha hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) is a chaperone protein that binds alpha hemoglobin chain (aHb), avoiding its precipitation and its pro-oxidant activity. In the presence of beta hemoglobin chain (ßHb), the aHb-AHSP complex is dismembered, ßHb displaces AHSP to generate the quaternary structure of hemoglobin. A study demonstrated that loss of AHSP exacerbates aHb precipitation and anemia in ß-thalassemic mice. Additionally, studies in vitro showed that recombinant AHSP inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species caused by aHb precipitation. Hence, it has been proposed that AHSP may perform an important role as a genetic modifier in ß-talassemia disease. The relationship between hemoglobin formation and alterations in AHSP expression has not yet been described in human cells. Studying this relationship would be strongly important for a better understanding of the AHSP role performed in human erythropoiesis, as well as would support future studies about the possibility of AHSP acts as a genetic modifier in human ß-thalassemia syndromes. Faced with the situation described above, we investigated the relationship between hemoglobin formation and reduction in AHSP expression. Our study aimed to induce the stable AHSP knockdown in erythroid human cells, identify possible aHb precipitation in cells with reduction of AHSP expression and analyze the cellular and molecular aspects resulted from AHSP knockdown in erythroid human cells. Hence, to address this goals short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vectors aimed at AHSP mRNA target sequence and at no-human mRNA target sequence were cloned and transfected into K562 cells using eletroporation and a non-liposomal lipid reagent. After transfection, K562 cells were cultured with neomycin which was added to select a population of cells that stably express the AHSP-shRNA. Then, K562 cells were induced to express erythroid genes by hemin addition in cell culture medium. Hemin-induced K562 cell samples were collected and AHSP, alpha-globin, gamma-globin and GATA-1 expressions were quantified by real-time PCR. The RNAi-mediated knockdown of AHSP expression was statistically significant above of 70% in both used ways for cell transfection. Further, AHSP knockdown resulted in a considerable alpha hemoglobin chain precipitation observed through immunofluorescence, as well as in a significant decrease of hemoglobin production identified through flow cytometry. Besides this, AHSP knockdown cells demonstrated an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and were more positive for Annexin and Propidium Iodide (PI) than control cells in flow cytometry assays. Alpha-globin and gamma-globin expressions did not differ in control, negative and AHSP-shRNA cells. However, GATA-1 had late expression evaluated in hemin- induced AHSP-shRNA cells in relation to control and negative control cells. Finally, these data indicate that AHSP is strongly significant in hemoglobin formation and suggest that AHSP is a key chaperone protein during the human erythropoiesis. Moreover, these data strengthen the fact that AHSP stabilizes the alpha hemoglobin chain to avoid its precipitation and its ability to generate ROS which implicates in cell death as was previously described in a murine model and in vitro approachesMestradoMedicina ExperimentalMestre em Fisiopatologia Médic

Uso de anticoncepcional oral por adolescentes e seus efeitos colaterais : revisão integrativa da literatura

Trabalho de conclusão de curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Enfermagem, 2016.INTRODUÇÃO: Na fase da adolescência ocorre o crescimento e desenvolvimento do corporal como: crescimento esquelético, crescimento intrauterino, desenvolvimento gonodal, entre outras mudanças corporais. No qual a inserção de hormônios, como o uso de anticoncepcional hormonal oral, pode vir a interferir no crescimento e desenvolvimento do adolescente, sendo um dos possíveis efeitos colaterais do anticoncepcional oral. O anticoncepcional oral é uma inserção direta de hormônio no corpo podendo causar diversos efeitos colaterais como mostrado no estudo. OBJETIVO: Verificar o uso de anticoncepcional oral na adolescência e seu efeito colateral, descrevendo o conhecimento dos adolescentes em relação ao método e identificar o efeito colateral do anticoncepcional oral sofrido pelos adolescentes. MÉTODO: Revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando a base de dados IBECS, Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde (MEDLINE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e PubMed. Os critérios de inclusão: responder a pergunta norteadora, os artigos teriam que ter sido publicado entre o período de 01/01/ 2006 a 30/08/2016; os estudos tinham que abordar assuntos sobre métodos contraceptivos. Critérios de exclusão: revisões de literatura e artigos não disponíveis. RESULTADO: Foram selecionados 5 artigos que comtemplaram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos identificaram muitas respostas errôneas dos adolescentes, principalmente no que se refere ao anticoncepcional oral de emergência, nenhum dos estudos abordou o efeito colateral dos anticoncepcionais orais, sendo necessário realizar pesquisas em outras fontes de dados. Em outras fontes de dados foi encontrado vários efeitos colaterais um dos principais e mais preocupantes foi o risco de Trombose Venosa Profunda (TVP). CONCLUSÃO: identificou-se que os adolescentes não possui conhecimento necessário em relação ao anticoncepcional oral. E que há a necessidade de realizar politicas publicas mais eficientes e voltadas para as características e peculiaridades que o adolescente possui, de maneira a atingi-lo com mais eficiência. A enfermagem que atende diretamente o adolescente principalmente na atenção básica, especificamente na ginecologia onde realiza consultas de enfermagem, tem que estar atendo as peculiaridades dos adolescentes e principalmente o efeito colateral dos anticoncepcionais orais, como já descrito, pode causar efeitos colaterais graves. A enfermagem sendo fonte de informação para o adolescente, o mesmo pode assim buscar informações diretamente com a equipe de enfermagem, que realiza politicas publicas voltadas para as peculiaridades da adolescência. DESCRITORES: Enfermagem de atenção primária, adolescente, anticoncepcionais, efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a MedicamentosINTRODUCTION: In the phase on teenager, happen the growth and development of the body how: Skeletal growth , intrauterine growth, gonadal growth, between another body changes. In which the insertion hormones, how the use oral hormonal contraceptive, can come to interfere on the growth and development of teenager, be one of the possible side effects of the oral contraceptive. The oral contraceptive is a direct insertion of hormones in to the body may cause divers side effects of oral contraceptive how was show on the study. OBJECTIVE: Check the use of oral contraceptive in the teenager and your side effects, describe your knowledge of teenagers in relation to the method and identify the side effects of the oral contraceptive suffered by teenagers . METHOD: Integrative literature review using an IBECS database, International Literature on Health Sciences (MEDLINE), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and PubMed. Inclusion criteria: respond to a guiding question, articles that were published in the period from 01/01/2006 to 08/30/2016; Studies on contraceptive methods. Exclusion criteria: literature reviews and articles not available. OUTCOME: Was select 5 articles which include the criteria inclusion. The studies in identified some wrong answers of teenagers especially with regard to oral contraceptive of emergence, any of studies aborded broached the side effects of the oral contraceptive being necessary realize search in another data source. In another data source was found some side effects one of the main and most worrying was the risk of the deep vein thrombosis (DVT). CONCLUSION: Was identify which the teenagers hasn’t need knowledge in relation to the oral contraceptive. And which has need to realize public policies most efficient and target it for the characteristics and peculiarities that the teenager has, so that reach with most efficient. The nursing which directly call the teenager mainly in the basic attention, specifically at the gynecologist where realize nursing consults have to be comply with peculiarities of the teenagers and mainly side effects of the oral contraceptive, as already described, can cause seriously side effects. The nursing being the source of information for to the teenagers, the same can search directly information with the nursing team, which realize public policies come back to the peculiarities of the teenager. KEY WORDS: primary care nursing, adolescente, contraceptive agents, drug-related side effects and adverse reactions

Las iatrogenias en las unidades de terapia intensiva: lo dramático de los problemas bioéticos contemporáneos

Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, fundamentada en la perspectiva foucaultiana con aproximaciones en el referencial teórico post-estructuralista, explora las iatrogenias como una de las tensiones en el hacer/saber enfermería que pueden ser discursivamente articuladas a la bioética y a la tecnobiomedicina. Las fuentes documentales y de entrevistas con enfermeros intensivistas permitieron activar una reflexión sobre el actuar del enfermero en un contexto impregnado por la posibilidad siempre latente de fallar tanto en el procedimiento, como en la conducta y, a partir de esta posibilidad, estos profesionales encuentra que es su obligación corregir esta falla no tanto o no apenas en el conocimiento, no tanto o no apenas en la ley, pero más bien en la práctica de sí mismo.This qualitative investigation, based in Foucauldian analysis with approximations to the post-structuralism theoretical framework, explores iatrogenesis as one of the tensions in the nursing to do/to know which can be discursively articulated to bioethics and to technobiomedicine. The documentary sources and intensive interviews with nurses, permitted the activation of a reflection on the act of the nurse in a context permeated by the ever-present possibility of failure in both the procedure and in the conduct and, from this possibility, they should meet their obligation to correct this failure not so much or not only in knowledge, not so much or not only in law but in practice itself.Esta é uma investigação qualitativa, balizada na analítica foucaultiana com aproximações ao referencial teórico pós-estruturalista, explora as iatrogenias como uma das tensões no fazer/saber enfermagem que podem ser discursivamente articuladas à bioética e à tecnobiomedicina. As fontes documentais e de entrevistas com enfermeiros(as) intensivistas permitiram ativar reflexão sobre o agir do(a) enfermeiro(a) em contexto permeado pela possibilidade, sempre latente, de falhar tanto no procedimento como na conduta, e, a partir dessa possibilidade, ele(a) encontra sua obrigação de corrigir essa falha não tanto ou não apenas no conhecimento, não tanto ou não apenas na lei, mas na prática de si mesmo

Flexibilidade da Oferta de Cursos em Nível Superior Cursos Superiores de Tecnologias e Cursos Seqüenciais

O presente artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a diversificação na oferta de cursos superiores no Brasil, na qual centralizamos nossa “atenção” nos cursos superiores de tecnologia e nos cursos seqüenciais que se diferenciam dos “tradicionais” cursos de graduação. Esses cursos, em geral, de média e curta duração, nos últimos anos, têm tido uma demanda e uma oferta bem expressiva, principalmente nas instituições de ensino superior privadas

Do satisfied customers recommend restaurants? the moderating effect of engagement on social networks on the relationship between satisfaction and eWOM

PurposeAcademics and managers scour to understand which perceived quality factors are paramount to consumers during their restaurant experiences and how they influence their emotions, satisfaction, propensity to loyalty and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). However, previous studies are divergent regarding the impacts of satisfaction on eWOM. This survey aims to (a) investigate the impacts of perceived quality by restaurant consumers on positive emotions, negative emotions and satisfaction; (b) verify the impacts of satisfaction on the propensity to loyalty and eWOM; (c) test whether the consumers' behavioural engagement in the SNS (CBE-SNS) moderates the relationship between satisfaction and eWOM.Design/methodology/approachThis survey included 416 university students in Peru who completed an electronic form about their experiences at a la carte restaurants. PLS-SEM tested the hypothetical model based on S-O-R Theory (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974).FindingsThe perceived quality by consumers regarding their restaurant experiences positively impacts satisfaction and positive emotions and negatively affects negative emotions. Satisfaction strongly influences the propensity to loyalty but weakly the eWOM. The CBE-SNS moderates the intensity of the relationship between satisfaction and eWOM.Originality/valueThis study is the first to concomitantly test the relationships between perceived quality, positive and negative emotions, satisfaction, the propensity to loyalty, e-WOM and CBE-SNS. Consumer engagement moderates the relationship between satisfaction and eWOM. Accordingly, to stimulate positive eWOM, restaurants must provide their customers with experiences with high perceived quality, impacting their satisfaction, emotions and propensity for loyalty, and developing strategies to increase CBE-SNS.CENTRUMinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Investiga??o do crescimento topotaxial de hematita em magnetita.

Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Evolu??o Crustal e Recursos Naturais. Departamento de Geologia, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.O crescimento topotaxial ? caracterizado quando os cristais de uma nova fase, produto de rea??es qu?micas no estado s?lido, como a oxida??o, se desenvolvem de forma orientada, influenciados pelas orienta??es cristalogr?ficas da fase reagente. Na oxida??o de magnetita para hematita, os cristais de hematita tendem a se desenvolver segundo algumas rela??es topotaxiais, que s?o descritas por rela??es de paralelismo entre planos cristalinos das duas fases. Para esses minerais, o paralelismo entre os planos octa?dricos {111} da magnetita e o plano basal {0001} da hematita ? a condi??o de orienta??o mais comum. A fim de se melhorar o entendimento sobre a transforma??o de fase magnetita-hematita e as rela??es topotaxiais envolvidas neste processo, foram estudados aqui cristais octa?dricos de magnetita parcialmente transformados em hematita. Eles foram retirados de um agregado dr?sico de cristais de magnetita intercrescidos proveniente do distrito de Rodrigo Silva, na cidade de Ouro Preto, por??o sudeste do Quadril?tero Ferr?fero. Os cristais de magnetita foram seccionados paralelamente a um de seus planos octa?dricos {111} e a superf?cie interna foi preparada para an?lises de difra??o de el?trons retroespalhados (EBSD), o que inclui polimento mec?nico e polimento qu?mico-mec?nico com s?lica coloidal. As ?reas com evid?ncias de transforma??o de fase foram selecionadas em microsc?pio ?ptico e posteriormente analisadas por EBSD. As figuras de polo, figuras de polo inversa e mapas de orienta??o evidenciaram uma nova condi??o de orienta??o entre os cristais de magnetita e hematita, em que planos octa?dricos {111} da magnetita est?o paralelos aos planos rombo?dricos {101?1} da hematita, o que nunca foi descrito. Al?m disso, foi identificado o paralelismo entre planos octa?dricos {111} da magnetita e basais {0001} da hematita, e entre planos dodeca?dricos {110} da magnetita e prism?ticos {112?0} da hematita. Nesse contexto, ? poss?vel concluir que a transforma??o de fase ocorre nos planos octa?dricos {111} da magnetita e que existem duas posi??es de crescimento poss?veis para os cristais de hematita em rela??o a um plano {111}. O cristal de hematita pode se desenvolver com o seu plano basal (0001) paralelo ao plano (111) ou ent?o, com o seu plano rombo?drico (101?1) paralelo ao plano (111).Topotaxial growth is typified when the crystals of a new phase, the product of chemical reactions in the solid state, such as oxidation, develop in an oriented way, influenced by the crystallographic orientations of the reactive phase. In the oxidation from magnetite to hematite, hematite crystals tend to develop according to some topotaxial relationships, which are described by parallel relationships between crystalline planes of the two phases. For these minerals, the parallelism between the octahedral planes {111} of magnetite and the basal plane {0001} of hematite is the most common orientation condition. In order to improve the understanding of magnetite-hematite phase transformation and the topotaxial relationships involved in this process, octahedral crystals of magnetite partially transformed into hematite were studied. They were taken from a drusic aggregate of intergrown magnetite crystals that come from the district of Rodrigo Silva, in the city of Ouro Preto, southeastern portion of the Quadril?tero Ferr?fero. The magnetite crystals were sectioned parallel to one of their octahedral planes {111} and the internal surface was prepared for backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) analyses, which includes mechanical polishing and chemical-mechanical polishing with colloidal silica. The areas with evidence of phase transformation were selected under an optical microscope and subsequently analyzed by EBSD. The pole figures, inverse pole figures and orientation maps showed a new orientation condition between the crystals of magnetite and hematite, in which octahedral planes {111} of magnetite are parallel to the rhombohedral planes {101?1} of hematite, which has never been described. In addition, a parallelism was identified between octahedral planes {111} of magnetite and basal planes {0001} of hematite, and between dodecahedral planes {110} of magnetite and prismatic {112? 0} of hematite. Under these conditions, it is possible to conclude that magnetite-hematite phase transformation occurs in the octahedral planes {111} of the magnetite and that there are two possible growth positions for the hematite crystals in relation to one plane {111}. The hematite crystal can develop with its basal plane (0001) parallel to the plane (111) or else, with its rhombohedral plane (101?1) parallel to the plane (111)

Trabalho infantil : repercussões do PETI em famílias usuárias

Orientadora: Silvana Marta TumeleroMonografia (graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Litoral, Curso de Graduação em Serviço SocialInclui referênciasResumo: Sob o prisma da importância da defesa dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes, especialmente quando se trata de combater o trabalho precoce e acabar de vez com esta mazela, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as repercussões do acesso aos benefícios e ao trabalho sócio-educativo realizado no PETI – Tabuleiro no município de Matinhos/PR. Busca ainda, observar se o Programa tem despertado nas famílias usuárias a percepção da negatividade da incorporação precoce das crianças às atividades laborativas. Este trabalho reúne dados e depoimentos construídos a partir de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo com as famílias de crianças inseridas no Programa em virtude da ocorrência do trabalho infantil. Faz-se necessário esclarecer que nem todas as crianças integrantes do PETI vivenciavam a realidade do trabalho precoce, mas, segundo técnicos e familiares, se encontravam expostas a riscos sociais e/ou pessoais, com suspeitas de abuso sexual, bem como se encontravam envolvidas em atividades no mercado de drogas ilícitas. A pesquisa demonstrou que a dimensão cultural favorável ao trabalho de crianças e adolescentes persiste fortemente, apontando para a necessidade de formulação de novas estratégias de sensibilização dessas famílias com relação às implicações do trabalho precoce. Contudo, verificamos que a dependência das famílias em relação ao Programa ultrapassa a dimensão financeira, ao passo que o PETI tem se caracterizado como um espaço seguro para o qual as mães e/ou pais trabalhadores delegam o cuidado com seus filhos