Directions of optimization of the development of the sphere of physical culture and sport in educational institutions in Lipetsk

The article contains theoretical and methodological materials on the problem of the development of physical culture and sports of the Russian Federation.Статья содержит теоретические и методические материалы по проблеме развития физической культуры и спорта Российской Федерации

Ultrasound investigation at examination of gastro-intestinal tract at combined trauma

Aim of investigation. To determine ultrasound characteristics of gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) at combined trauma.Material and methods. Data of ultrasound investigations (US) in 48 patients with combined trauma (36 men, 12 women, aged 20–50 years) with disorders of gastro-intestinal function were analyzed. Combined trauma (of chest, abdomen, pelvis, spine, extremities) was diagnosed in 41 patients, in 7 cases closed craniocerebral trauma prevailed. All patients underwent US to rule out damage of abdominal organs at hospital admission. Patients have been divided into two groups: patients of the first (n=27) had no damage of abdominal organs, no surgery was carried out, patients of the second group had combined trauma and closed injury of abdomen (n=21) and subsequently abdominal surgery was performed. Investigation of abdominal organs was carried out by medium class ultrasound devices with convex (3,5 mHz) and linear (7,5 mHz) probes. Abdominal organs were examined according to the standard protocol for signs of traumatic damage, presence of free fluid, retroperitoneum was examined as well. Resected portions of the small intestine with adjacent damaged mesentery were subject to comparative histological examination at closed abdominal injury cases.Results. In 27 patients of the first group US revealed signs of ileus in posttraumatic period. In 22 patients US-signs of dynamic ileus were revealed on a background of retroperitoneal hematoma, in 7 cases dynamic examination revealed its enlargement, in the other 7 cases retroperitoneal hematoma was small with tendency to spontaneous resolution. In 6 cases mesenteric hematoma of the small intestine, extending to retroperitoneum was found out. In 2 patients with pelvic bones fracture hematoma of sigmoid colon mesentery was visualized. Five patients had spinal trauma. In posttraumatic period in 19 of 27 first group patients with onset of multiorgan failure dynamic US demonstrated liver, spleen and kidney enlargement. In 8 patients gastric stasis was revealed at the 9 day after trauma, in 3 cases — on the 10–14 day signs of pseudomembranous colitis were found out. In the second group at the 3rd day after surgery disorder of motor and evacuatory function of GIT was found. At US control in 11 patients with small intestine mesentery trauma signs of dynamic ileus were revealed, in 4 of them after resection of intestinal segment signs of mesenteric circulation disorder at the early postoperative period were found out. As a result of conservative therapy paresis of the gut was eliminated. In 2 patients after operation for splenic rupture and in 2 patients with urinary bladder trauma dynamic smallintestinal ileus was diagnosed with subsequent resolution according to clinical and ultrasound data after conservative treatment. In 2 of 6 patients with intestinal trauma after suture application pharmaceutical therapy resulted in resolution of intestinal paresis. In 1 of 4 patients with resection of small intestine and signs of dynamic ileus intestinal function was restored under conservative treatment. Three patients with mechanical smallintestinal obstruction on a background of abdominal adhesions were operated.Conclusions. The dynamic ultrasound investigation in posttraumatic period after combined trauma helps to differentiate dynamic and mechanical smallintestinal obstruction and determine indications to surgical intervention in early terms. Application of this method allows to reveal intestinal posttraumatic changes on background of dynamic smallintestinal obstruction that may require revision of treatment approach. US in postoperative period at hematomas of smallintestinal mesentery without disorder of integrity of intestine, reveals disorders of gastrointestinal motility and development of paresis of intestine which aggravates circulation disorders in intestinal wall and can result in irreversible changes. Color Doppler flow mapping mode of ultrasound investigation at extensive hematomas of mesentery helps to detect thrombosis of mesenteric veins, occlusion of stem arteries that provides surgeons with essential information to choose treatment tactics, and in some cases to predict course of disease

Speech perception in various acoustic environments: Comparison of different sound coding strategies

Objectives to compare speech perception in a quiet and noisy environment using a basic audio coding strategy (CIS) and a modern strategy (ACE) over a period of 24 months. Material and methods. The study involved 30 patients who received hearing rehabilitation in the National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency in the period of 2018 2021. The inclusion criteria were: implantation in the adult age (from 18 to 45 years), speaking fluent Russian, hearing loss after speech skills formation. After initialization and programming of the speech processor, the patients underwent speech audiometry in a free sound field using syllabic and speech tables in silence and noise. The results were collected in the special MS Excel templates and subjected to statistical analysis. Results. The intelligibility of syllables in patients with CIS and ACE strategies took comparable values and grew with experience within 24 months (from 52 7.00% at the beginning of the study to 72 7.25% at the end), the greatest increase in intelligibility was noted in the first 3 months after connecting the speech processor (from 52 7.00% to 66 7.87%). Using the Greenberg speech table in silence, the groups with the CIS strategy and the ACE strategy obtained similar results with a slight advantage of the ACE strategy up to 6 months of the study. Later, a significantly higher increase in speech perception was observed in the group with the ACE strategy compared to the group with CIS. After 12 months, the perception tests showed 67 8.62% in patients with CIS strategy and 71 7.54% in patients with ACE, after 24 months the results were 68 9.12%, and 72 8.62% respectively. Under noise conditions, we observed an increase of the difference between groups starting from 6 months (41 5.33% in patients with CIS versus 43.3 7.55% with ACE), the largest difference was registered after 24 months (51 5.50% versus 57 8.25% respectively). Conclusion. When compared to the basic strategy, a modern sound coding strategy with a higher resolution can improve speech perception especially with complex speech patterns and in a noisy environment

COMPREHTNSIVE APPROACH TO PILONIDAL SINUS TREATMENT

Purpose: to improve results of treatment of patients with pilonidal sinus by developing and implementing of some modifications of operationsMatherials and methods: 267 patients with different clinical forms of pilonidal sinus were underwent surgical treatment. A new treatment strategy and some modification of operations are studied.Results and Summary: it’s necessary to identify risk groups of excessive (pathological) scarring and administer antiscarring treatment among the patients with pilonidal sinus. It is shown that such a treatment strategy has significantly improved the patients outcome with pilonidal sinus: the number of relapses reduced from 8,1% to 2,4%;discomfort phenomenon as a result of rough scar deformation in the sacrococcygeal region from 21,8% to 7,3%; number of patients with persistent recovery increased from 91,9% to 95,3%;time of hospital cure reduced in the main group in average:a stage without inflammation on 1,7 b/d(bad day), in remission stage – 2,1 b/d; in the stage of chronic inflammation – 2,6 b/d

Early protective effect of a (“pan”) coronavirus vaccine (PanCoVac) in Roborovski dwarf hamsters after single-low dose intranasal administration

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the danger posed by human coronaviruses. Rapid emergence of immunoevasive variants and waning antiviral immunity decrease the effect of the currently available vaccines, which aim at induction of neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, T cells are marginally affected by antigen evolution although they represent the major mediators of virus control and vaccine protection against virus-induced disease. Materials and methods: We generated a multi-epitope vaccine (PanCoVac) that encodes the conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses. PanCoVac contains elements that facilitate efficient processing and presentation of PanCoVac-encoded T cell epitopes and can be uploaded to any available vaccine platform. For proof of principle, we cloned PanCoVac into a non-integrating lentivirus vector (NILV-PanCoVac). We chose Roborovski dwarf hamsters for a first step in evaluating PanCoVac in vivo. Unlike mice, they are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, Roborovski dwarf hamsters develop COVID-19-like disease after infection with SARS-CoV-2 enabling us to look at pathology and clinical symptoms. Results: Using HLA-A*0201-restricted reporter T cells and U251 cells expressing a tagged version of PanCoVac, we confirmed in vitro that PanCoVac is processed and presented by HLA-A*0201. As mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is crucial for protection against respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, we tested the protective effect of single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac administered via the intranasal (i.n.) route in the Roborovski dwarf hamster model of COVID-19. After infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2, animals immunized with a single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac i.n. did not show symptoms and had significantly decreased viral loads in the lung tissue. This protective effect was observed in the early phase (2 days post infection) after challenge and was not dependent on neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion: PanCoVac, a multi-epitope vaccine covering conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses, might protect from severe disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants and future pathogenic coronaviruses. The use of (HLA-) humanized animal models will allow for further efficacy studies of PanCoVac-based vaccines in vivo

Гляциоклиматические исследования Института географии РАН в кратере Восточной вершины Эльбруса в 2020 г.

During the field campaign in August 18–30, 2020 the meteorological regime and heat balance of the glacier surface were investigated in the crater of Mt Elbrus Eastern Summit (5600 m a.s.l.) together with the GPR measurements of the ice thickness and seasonal snow cover. Preliminary data analysis allowed the following features: the predominance of synoptic fluctuations over the diurnal ones; the high values of average and maximum wind speed associated with the impact of jet streams and with influence of leeward storms; extremely high temporal variability of relative humidity and its very high deficit in cloudless conditions conducive to intensive evaporation and sublimation from the snow surface. The maximum thickness of ice in the crater reaches 100 m, and the average is 34 m. A new ice core with a length of 96.01 m from the glacier surface to its bed had been obtained. The drilling speed varied from 11 to 1 m/h, decreasing with depth from 4.5 to 4.0 m/h on average. The thickness of the snow-firn mass is about 20 m, which is three times less than on the Western Plateau of Mt Elbrus. According to measurements in the borehole, temperature at the glacier bed is −0.6 °C. The calculated heat flux is 0.39 W/m2. Air sampling was carried out in the crater of the Eastern Summit of Elbrus and on the Garabashi glacier. Repeated measurements of the soil temperature in the fumarole field on the outer edge of the crater of the Elbrus Eastern Summit allow the conclusion that the temperature regime is stable.С 18 по 30 августа 2020 г. в кратере Восточной вершины Эльбруса впервые проводились наблюдения за метеорологическим режимом и тепловым балансом ледника. Выполнена также радиолокационная съёмка толщины льда и сезонного снежного покрова, пробурена скважина от поверхности до ложа с получением керна льда, измерены температуры в скважине, в шурфе из сезонной снежной толщи отобраны образцы для изотопного, химического и спорово-пыльцевого анализа, на поверхности фумарольного поля и в атмосфере над ледником взяты образцы газа, продолжен мониторинг температуры грунта на фумарольной площадке

Ранняя диагностика и лечение полиорганной недостаточности у больного с тяжелой сочетанной травмой

On the example of a clinical observation, we demonstrate the possibilities of dynamic multimodality imaging techniques and clinical and laboratory data, taking into account the severity of the concomitant trauma, which allow us to reflect objectively the dynamics of post-traumatic changes in the organs and tissues and predict the course of multiple organ failure (MOF). Consistency and adequate choice of treatment tactics with early use of active detoxification methods contribute to a favorable outcome.На примере клинического наблюдения показаны возможности динамической комплексной лучевой диагностики и клинико-лабораторных данных с учетом степени тяжести сочетанной травмы, которые позволяют отражать объективно динамику течения посттравматических изменений органов и тканей, дают возможность прогнозировать течение полиорганной недостаточности (ПОН). Последовательность и адекватный выбор тактики лечения с ранним использованием активных методов детоксикации способствуют благоприятному исходу

Oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines contribute to demyelination and axonal damage in a cerebellar culture model of neuroinflammation

Background: Demyelination and axonal damage are critical processes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines elicited by inflammation mediates tissue damage. Methods/Principal Findings: To monitor the demyelination and axonal injury associated with microglia activation we employed a model using cerebellar organotypic cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Microglia activated by LPS released pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα), and increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This activation was associated with demyelination and axonal damage in cerebellar cultures. Axonal damage, as revealed by the presence of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments, mitochondrial accumulation in axonal spheroids, and axonal transection, was associated with stronger iNOS expression and concomitant increases in ROS. Moreover, we analyzed the contribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in demyelination and axonal degeneration using the iNOS inhibitor ethyl pyruvate, a free-scavenger and xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, as well as via blockage of pro-inflammatory cytokines using a Fc-TNFR1 construct. We found that blocking microglia activation with ethyl pyruvate or allopurinol significantly decreased axonal damage, and to a lesser extent, demyelination. Blocking TNFα significantly decreased demyelination but did not prevented axonal damage. Moreover, the most common therapy for MS, interferon-beta, was used as an example of an immunomodulator compound that can be tested in this model. In vitro, interferon-beta treatment decreased oxidative stress (iNOS and ROS levels) and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS stimulation, reducing axonal damage. Conclusion: The model of neuroinflammation using cerebellar culture stimulated with endotoxin mimicked myelin and axonal damage mediated by the combination of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This model may both facilitate understanding of the events involved in neuroinflammation and aid in the development of neuroprotective therapies for the treatment of MS and other neurodegenerative diseases

Investigation of the Role of Mitochondrial DNA in Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility

Several lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial genetic factors may influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. To explore this hypothesis further, we re-sequenced the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) from 159 patients with multiple sclerosis and completed a haplogroup analysis including a further 835 patients and 1,506 controls. A trend towards over-representation of super-haplogroup U was the only evidence for association with mtDNA that we identified in these samples. In a parallel analysis of nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes, we also found a trend towards association with the complex I gene, NDUFS2. These results add to the evidence suggesting that variation in mtDNA and nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes may contribute to disease susceptibility in multiple sclerosis

Microsatellite Instability in Pediatric High Grade Glioma Is Associated with Genomic Profile and Differential Target Gene Inactivation

High grade gliomas (HGG) are one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in children, and there is increasing evidence that pediatric HGG may harbor distinct molecular characteristics compared to adult tumors. We have sought to clarify the role of microsatellite instability (MSI) in pediatric versus adult HGG. MSI status was determined in 144 patients (71 pediatric and 73 adults) using a well established panel of five quasimonomorphic mononucleotide repeat markers. Expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 was determined by immunohistochemistry, MLH1 was assessed for mutations by direct sequencing and promoter methylation using MS-PCR. DNA copy number profiles were derived using array CGH, and mutations in eighteen MSI target genes studied by multiplex PCR and genotyping. MSI was found in 14/71 (19.7%) pediatric cases, significantly more than observed in adults (5/73, 6.8%; p = 0.02, Chi-square test). MLH1 expression was downregulated in 10/13 cases, however no mutations or promoter methylation were found. MSH6 was absent in one pediatric MSI-High tumor, consistent with an inherited mismatch repair deficiency associated with germline MSH6 mutation. MSI was classed as Type A, and associated with a remarkably stable genomic profile. Of the eighteen classic MSI target genes, we identified mutations only in MSH6 and DNAPKcs and described a polymorphism in MRE11 without apparent functional consequences in DNA double strand break detection and repair. This study thus provides evidence for a potential novel molecular pathway in a proportion of gliomas associated with the presence of MSI