Application of fuzzy relations to test theory

На відміну від класичного ймовірного підходу, в даній статті розглядається метод генерування та оцінки тестів, заснований на нечіткому підході. Це призводить до завдань, які можуть бути вирішені в рамках нечітких реляційних рівнянь. Кілька прикладів ілюструють користь такого підходу.В отличие от классического вероятного подхода, в данной статье рассматривается метод генерирования и оценки тестов, основанный на нечетком подходе. Это приводит к задачам, которые могут быть решены в рамках нечетких реляционных уравнений. Несколько примеров иллюстрируют пользу такого подхода.Unlike the classical probability-based approach we consider the ge-neration and evaluation of tests based on a fuzzy approach. This leads to tasks which can be solved within the frame of fuzzy relational equations. Several examples illustrate the usefulness of our approach

Endothelioprotective property of the combination of the thioctic acid and rosuvastatin shown in the endothelial dysfunction models

During the experiment, the modeling of endothelial dysfunction of male rats was performed by intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 7 days, and the same of female rats was performed by bilateral ovarioectomy and further intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 7. The deficiency of nitric oxide as a result of the NO-synthase blockade was accompanied by the impairment of the endotheliumdependent and independent vasodilatation estimated in the pharmacological tests, which was expressed in the increasing coefficient of endothelial dysfunctio

ESTIMATION OF STATE OF PANCREAS AND CHANGE OF REGIONAL HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH EDEMATOUS FORM OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS WITH RECOVERY OUTCOME

The article shows peculiarities of regional circulation of the blood in patients with acute pancreatitis during conservative treatment. Obtained data allows to estimate state of pancreas objectively and also to control adequacy of the treatment

Bronchodilator reversibility test for broncho-obstructive syndrome detection and differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Purpose – to analyze the method of bronchodilator reversibility test (BRT) at different doses of salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma (BA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Materials and methods. We examined 80 patients with broncho-obstructive syndrome, including 50 patients with a mild persistent BA (Group I) and 30 patients with COPD of moderate (course B) severity (Group II). All patients underwent routine methods of investigation: general clinical, laboratory, pulmonary function test, radiography of the chest organs (if needed), and statistical methods were used. Results. Two methods of BRT were performed that differed in the dose of salbutamol to examine the patients with BA and COPD. All 50 patients with BA were first examined for bronchodilator reversibility with 200 micrograms of salbutamol and then, usually in 2 weeks, with 400 micrograms of salbutamol. Reversibility was in all the patients with BA within 15 minutes after 200 micrograms of salbutamol inhalation, but in 30 patients (60 %) it was full (12 % and more than the previous, >200 ml), and in 20 patients it was partial (less than 12 % or 200 ml). Full reversibility was found in 46 out of the 50 patients (92 %) within 30 minutes and it was 12 % or more (>200 ml) in all the patients only within 45 minutes. When using a salbutamol dose of 400 mg in BRT, the following results were obtained: full reversibility was in 47 (94 %) patients within 15 minutes and in another 3 patients within 30 minutes, that is in all the patients with BA. 16 (53.3 %) patients with COPD were considered nonreversible following administration a dose of salbutamol 200 micrograms within 15 minutes and partial reversibility was in 14 (46.7 %) patients with COPD. Partial reversibility was found in 10 patients (33.3 %) after 30 minutes, and 6 patients (20.0 %) were nonreversible or reversibility was within 2–3 %; in 4 out of the 6 patients (93.24 % in total) partial reversibility was only after 45 minutes and the remaining two patients were nonreversible even after 60 minutes of the examination. BRT revealed partial reversibility at a salbutamol dose of 400 micrograms in 26 (86.6 %) patients with COPD within 15 minutes, in another 3 (96.6 %) patients – within 30 minutes and after 45 minutes – in all patients; none of the patients showed full reversibility. Conclusions. According to conducted study, salbutamol for BRT can be used at a dose of 200 and 400 mcg in patients with BA, but the time of repeated spirometry should be different: at 200 mcg – not earlier than 30 minutes, or preferably 45 minutes; and at 400 mcg – 15 minutes after or a maximum of 30 minutes. In patients with COPD, the use of salbutamol at a dose of 200 mcg is impractical, but a dose of 400 mcg should be used and repeated spirometry is needed not earlier than 30 minutes after a test dose of the drug

Prevalence and Severity of Breast Arterial Calcification on Routine Mammography

Aim. To determine the frequency of detection and severity of breast arterial calcification (BAC) among women undergoing mammography on the basis of medical institutions in Moscow.Material and methods. The analysis included 4274 digital mammograms of women aged 40-93 who underwent preventive or diagnostic mammography. Standard full-format digital mammograms were performed in craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections. In addition to the standard diagnosis of breast disease, all mammograms were evaluated for the presence of BAC. The severity of BAC was assessed on a 12-point scale: mild 3-4 points, moderate 5-6 points, severe 7-12 points.Results. The average frequency of BAC was 10.1%, in the middle age group 50-59 years – 6.0%. The incidence of BAC increased with age, from 0.4% to 0.6% in women <50 years of age to >50% in women ≥80 years of age. A statistically significant and pronounced correlation was found between the woman's age and the presence of BAC r Pearson =0.769 (p<0.001). There was also a less noticeable but statistically significant correlation between age and severity of BAC r Spearman =0.319 (p<0.001). Regression analysis made it possible to estimate the probability of CAD depending on age. In women <50 years of age, only mild to moderate calcification occurred, while those ≥65 years of age had a significant increase in the incidence of severe CAD.Conclusion. There was an expected increase with age in both prevalence and severity of BAC. Cases of severe BAC in women younger than 65 years of age and any BAC in women younger than 50 years of age are atypical and require clarification of their association with cardiovascular and other diseases

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СТАЦИОНАРНОГО ЭТАПА ЛЕЧЕНИЯ БОЛЬНЫХ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ С ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ МИКОБАКТЕРИЙ

The composition and effectiveness of the treatment of patients 159 drug-resistant TB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dominated by common processes (87%), massive bacterioexcretion (74.2%) and multidrug-resistant TB. Full clinical effect achieved in 54.8% (n = 68), including 28.8% (37) by surgical methods. Изучен состав и эффективность лечения 159 больных туберкулезом с лекарственной устойчиво-стью (ЛУ) микобактерий туберкулеза, преимущественно множественной. Преобладали распро-страненные процессы (в 87%) с массивным бактериовыделением (74,2%) и с ЛУ ко всем препара-там основного ряда. Полный клинический эффект достигнут в 54,8% (у 68 больных), в том числе в 28,8% (у 37) хирургическими методами

СЕЛЕКЦИОННАЯ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ФОРМ ЛУКА, СОЗДАННЫХ НА ОСНОВЕ МЕЖВИДОВОЙ ГИБРИДИЗАЦИИ

One of the most important crops among all types of Alliums is onion, the value of which is determined by the nutritional and medicinal properties. It is used not only as a seasoning for food, but also as a source of a number of biologically active substances. The biochemical composition of the bulbs and its green leaves in different periods of growth and development varies, depending on the variety, environmental conditions and agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Creation on the basis of interspecies hybridization of fundamentally new forms of Allium plants with a unique combination of genetic material allows to expand the possibility of selection of valuable genotypes in practical terms. The study was performed on plants of the inbred progenies I4-5 from BC1-2 bulbous forms of interspecific hybrids of Allium crossing combinations F5(A. cepa xA. vavilovii), F5(A. cepa x A. fistulosum). The biometric assessment was carried out after harvesting and drying the bulbs according to the "test Procedure for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability" according to the main breeding characteristics: the color of the dry cover scales of the bulb, the mass of the bulb, the shape of the bulb. As the standard used plant varieties Odintsovets. The biochemical composition of onion samples was determined by the content of dry matter, monosaccharides, the amount of sugars, ascorbic acid, antioxidants. Based on the biometric assessment of the forms of interspecific hybrids of onions, 5 forms were identified according to the uniformity of such features as the color of dry cover scales and the shape of the bulb weighing 50-60 g, which are a qualitatively new source material for breeding. In determining the biochemical composition of the isolated forms of interspecific hybrids of Alliums on the main breeding grounds found that the plants of these forms of onions indicators of dry matter (15%), monosaccharides (1.15-1.71%), the amount of sugars (11.17%), were at the level of the standard, or exceeded it, but the total content of antioxidants (8.22 mg/g) inferior to the standard.Одной из наиболее важных культур среди всех видов лука является лук репчатый, ценность которого определяется пищевкусовыми и лекарственными свойствами. Его используют не только в качестве приправы к пище, но и как источник ряда биологически активных веществ. Биохимический состав луковиц и его зеленых листьев в разные периоды роста и развития изменяется, зависит от сорта, экологических условий и агротехнических приемов возделывания растений. Создание на основе межвидовой гибридизации принципиально новых форм растений лука с уникальным сочетанием генетического материала позволяет расширить возможность отбора ценных в практическом отношении генотипов. Исследования проводили на растениях из инбредных потомств I4-5 от ВС1-2 луковичных форм межвидовых гибридов лука комбинаций скрещивания F5(A.cepa x A.vavilovii), F5(A.cepa x A.fistulosum). Биометрическую оценку проводили после уборки и подсушивания луковиц согласно «Методике проведения испытаний на отличимость, однородность и стабильность» по основным селекционным признакам: окраске сухих покровных чешуй луковицы, массе луковицы, форме луковицы. В качестве стандарта использовали растения сорта Одинцовец. Биохимический состав образцов лука определяли по содержанию сухого вещества, моносахаров, суммы сахаров, аскорбиновой кислоты, антиоксидантов. На основании биометрической оценки форм межвидовых гибридов лука выделено 5 форм по выравненности таких признаков, как окраске сухих покровных чешуй и форме луковицы массой 50-60 г, которые являются качественно новым исходным материалом для селекционной работы. При определении биохимического состава выделенных форм межвидовых гибридов лука по основным селекционным признакам установлено, что у растений данных форм лука показатели содержания сухого вещества (15%), моносахаров (1,15-1,71%), суммы сахаров (11,17%), находились на уровне стандарта, либо превышали его, но по суммарному содержанию антиоксидантов (8,22 мг/г) уступали стандарту

Роль D-димеров плазмы крови в диагностике тромботических состояний у больных с хронической ишемической болезнью сердца

Objecive: to estimate hemostatic parameters in 15 cardiosurgical patients with chronic coronary heart disease. Ten parameters of the hemostatic system were determined at 4 stages. The patients were divided into 2 groups in relation to the baseline level of D-dimers. The study demonstrated that hypercoagulation and depressed fibrinolysis retained despite the baseline coagulative potential and the performed therapy in all the patients before discharge. It is obvious that the standard approaches to diagnosing hemostatic disorders and correcting them should be revised. Цель исследования : оценка показателей системы гемостаза у 15 кардиохирургических больных с хронической ише-мической болезнью сердца. Определяли 10 показателей системы гемостаза на 4 этапах. Больные были разделены на две группы в зависимости от исходного уровня D-димеров. Исследование продемонстрировало, что, несмотря на разный изначальный коагуляционный потенциал и проведенное лечение, у всех больных перед выпиской сохранялась гиперкоагуляция и депрессия фибринолиза. Очевидно, что необходимо пересмотреть стандартные подходы к диагностике нарушений в системе гемостаза и коррекции этих нарушений.

Software platform virtualization in chemistry research and university teaching

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Modern chemistry laboratories operate with a wide range of software applications under different operating systems, such as Windows, LINUX or Mac OS X. Instead of installing software on different computers it is possible to install those applications on a single computer using Virtual Machine software. Software platform virtualization allows a single guest operating system to execute multiple other operating systems on the same computer. We apply and discuss the use of virtual machines in chemistry research and teaching laboratories.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Virtual machines are commonly used for cheminformatics software development and testing. Benchmarking multiple chemistry software packages we have confirmed that the computational speed penalty for using virtual machines is low and around 5% to 10%. Software virtualization in a teaching environment allows faster deployment and easy use of commercial and open source software in hands-on computer teaching labs.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Software virtualization in chemistry, mass spectrometry and cheminformatics is needed for software testing and development of software for different operating systems. In order to obtain maximum performance the virtualization software should be multi-core enabled and allow the use of multiprocessor configurations in the virtual machine environment. Server consolidation, by running multiple tasks and operating systems on a single physical machine, can lead to lower maintenance and hardware costs especially in small research labs. The use of virtual machines can prevent software virus infections and security breaches when used as a sandbox system for internet access and software testing. Complex software setups can be created with virtual machines and are easily deployed later to multiple computers for hands-on teaching classes. We discuss the popularity of bioinformatics compared to cheminformatics as well as the missing cheminformatics education at universities worldwide.</p

Improved functionalization of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can providemultiple benefits for biomedical applications in aqueous environments such asmagnetic separation or magnetic resonance imaging. To increase the colloidal stability and allow subsequent reactions, the introduction of hydrophilic functional groups onto the particles’ surface is essential. During this process, the original coating is exchanged by preferably covalently bonded ligands such as trialkoxysilanes. The duration of the silane exchange reaction, which commonly takes more than 24 h, is an important drawback for this approach. In this paper, we present a novel method, which introduces ultrasonication as an energy source to dramatically accelerate this process, resulting in high-quality waterdispersible nanoparticles around 10 nmin size. To prove the generic character, different functional groups were introduced on the surface including polyethylene glycol chains, carboxylic acid, amine, and thiol groups. Their colloidal stability in various aqueous buffer solutions as well as human plasma and serum was investigated to allow implementation in biomedical and sensing applications.status: publishe