Економічна природа транснаціональних банків (Economic nature of transnational banks)

Розглянуто сутність та визначено критерії транснаціональності банків. Охарактеризовано економічну природу транснаціонального банку та обґрунтовано специфічні риси, притаманні такому банку. Зокрема наголошено, що міжнародний аспект бізнесу не є визначальною характеристикою транснаціонального банку, оскільки міжнародні банки також проводять міжнародне фінансування торгівлі, валютнообмінні операції та надають EuroMarket кредити. На підставі наукового пошуку виділено переваги та доведено значущість транснаціональних банків у контексті як підтримки економічного зростання, так і порушення фінансової стабільності в країні. (The essence of transnational banks is considered and the criteria of transnational banks are defined. The economic nature of the transnational banks is characterized and specific features of such banks are found. In particular, it is noted that the international aspect of the banking is not a main characteristic of the transnational banks, international banks as well as the international trade financing, foreign exchange transactions and providing of EuroMarket loans. On the basis of scientific research the advantages of transnational banks are highlighted and their importance in the context of economic growth support and the financial stability contravention in the country is proved.

Development of Aquatic Bioassay with Lemna minor and Spirodela polirhiza for Screening of Waters Contaminated with Tritium

The work is aimed at studying morphometric parameters of the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza to develop a bioassay for water bodies contaminated with tritium. A considerable increase is noted of Lemna minor plants with the greatest biomass and area at high specific activity of tritium (3700 Bq/l) in natural water objects. A reliable Spirodela polyrhiza species dependence on specific tritium activity is not observed. Keywords: Tritium, bioindication, freshwater body, Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiz

Hydrodynamical approach to chirality production during axion inflation

We study chirality production in the pseudoscalar inflation model of magnetogenesis taking into account the Schwinger effect and particle collisions in plasma in the relaxation time approximation. We consider the Schwinger production of one Dirac fermion species by an Abelian gauge field in two cases: (i) the fermion carries only the weak charge with respect to the U(1) group and (ii) it is also charged with respect to another strongly coupled gauge group. While the gradient-expansion formalism is employed for the description of the evolution of gauge field, plasma is described by hydrodynamical approach which allows us to determine the number, energy density, and chirality of produced fermions. It is found that while chirality production is very efficient for both, weakly and strongly interacting fermions, the resulting gauge field is typically stronger in the case of strongly interacting fermions due to suppression of the Schwinger conductivity by particle collisions.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure

Schwinger production of scalar particles during and after inflation from the first principles

By using the first-principles approach, we derive a system of three quantum kinetic equations governing the production and evolution of charged scalar particles by an electric field in an expanding universe. Analyzing the ultraviolet asymptotic behavior of the kinetic functions, we found the divergent parts of the electric current and the energy-momentum tensor of the produced particles and determined the corresponding counterterms. The renormalized system of equations is used to study the generation of electromagnetic fields during and after inflation in the kinetic coupling model $\mathcal{L}_{\rm EM}=-(1/4)f^{2}(\phi)F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}$ with the Ratra coupling function $f=\exp(\beta\phi/M_{p})$. It is found that the electric current of created particles is retarded with respect to the electric field. This leads to an oscillatory behavior of both quantities in agreement with the results obtained previously in phenomenological kinetic and hydrodynamical approaches.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figure

КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ТРАНСНАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО БАНКІВСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ

Among the whole set of financial institutions that operate in the global financial market, multinational banks are in the lead. The purpose of the article is a scientific reflection on the classification features of the bank capital, its detailed description by way of the capital calculation and on this basis and the improvement of the compositional representation of the transnational bank capital.The main classification features of the bank capital are systematized. The scientific analysis of the division of the bank capital depending on the method of calculation and critical description of its types, namely, balance, market, regulatory and economic capital is presented. The constituent elements of the regulatory capital according to Basel III and the main requirements according to Basel III regulatory capital standards are determined. It is proved that the concept of economic capital is aimed at determining the bank's own capital, sufficient to cover not only expected but also unexpected risks, while the regulatory capital is intended to cover only expected risks. The economic capital, in contrast to the regulatory, covers a wider range of risks.The component composition of the transnational bank capital is established and the differences between own, borrowed and mezzanine capital are substantiated. The classification of types of the transnational bank capital has been improved by allocating, in addition to existing ones, such classification features and types of capital as: by ownership (private, collective, state, international organizations, other states, legal entities of foreign states); by sources of formation (own, borrowed, borrowed, hybrid); by appointment (regulatory, economic, risk capital, canned, counter-cyclical, systemic); by the level of analysis (microeconomic, mesoeconomic, national, transnational, global); by engagement in banking activities (activated, immobilized, potential). The proposed classification allows to systematize the various types of the transnational bank capital and take into account the specifics of a particular type of the capital in the development of strategic and tactical measures of international expansion.Систематизированы основные классификационные признаки банковского капитала. Осуществлен научный анализ разделения банковского капитала в зависимости от способа расчета и представлена критическая характеристика его видов, а именно балансового, рыночного, регулятивного и экономического капитала. Определен компонентный состав транснационального банковского капитала и обоснованы различия между собственным, заемным и мезонинным капиталом. Предложена интерпретация композиционных составляющих признаков транснационального банковского капитала за счет выделения, дополнительно к существующим, авторских классификационных признаков и видов капитала. Это позволит учитывать специфику того или иного вида капитала при разработке стратегических и тактических мероприятий международной экспансии банковского капитала.Систематизовано основні класифікаційні ознаки банківського капіталу. Здійснено науковий аналіз поділу банківського капіталу залежно від способу розрахунку і представлено критичну характеристику його видів, а саме балансового, ринкового, регулятивного та економічного капіталів. Установлено компонентний склад транснаціонального банківського капіталу та обґрунтовано відмінності між власним, позиченим і мезонінним капіталом. Запропоновано інтерпретацію композиційних складових ознак транснаціонального банківського капіталу за рахунок виділення, додатково до наявних, авторських класифікаційних ознак та видів капіталу. Це дозволить ураховувати специфіку того чи іншого виду капіталу при розробленні стратегічних і тактичних заходів міжнародної експансії банківського капіталу

Radiological Problems of Tritium

In light of the session documents (UNSCEAR, 2015, 2016), presented are the results of health risk assessment in drinking water containing tritium as well as results of field observations and bioassay with algae (Lemna minor and Polyrhiza) from water bodies near radiation-dangerous industrial and scientific objects. The prospects for future studies in these areas should be associated with the assessed human radiation dose from organically bound tritium in organs and tissues of people, animals and plants; the search for plants and animals selectively accumulating tritium and its subsequent bioassay in water. It is necessary to develop the approaches to harmonization of tritium standards in water objects and potable water, in particular. Sanitary and hygiene standards are suggested to develop on the basis of health risk assessment in drinking water with tritium. The upcoming trend for assessing the contribution of organically bound tritium to the total human radiation dose is the local irradiation by tritium incorporated into DNA of cells and tissues and radiosensitive organs. The well-known and new methods of microdosimetry of DNA incorporated radionuclides are necessary to solve this problem