Response of the ATLAS tile calorimeter prototype to muons

A study of high energy muons traversing the ATLAS hadron Tile calorimeter in the barrel region in the energy range between 10 and 300~GeV is presented. Both test beam experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations are given and show good agreement. The Tile calorimeter capability of detecting isolated muons over the above energy range is demonstrated. A signal to background ratio of about 10 is expected for the nominal LHC luminosity ($10^{34} cm^{-2} sec^{-1}$). The photoelectron statistics effect in the muon shape response is shown. The e/mip ratio is found to be $0.81 \pm 0.03$; the e/$\mu$ ratio is in the range 0.91 - 0.97. The energy loss of a muon in the calorimeter, dominated by the energy lost in the absorber, can be correlated to the energy loss in the active material. This correlation allows one to correct on an event by event basis the muon energy loss in the calorimeter and therefore reduce the low energy tails in the muon momentum distribution

A measurement of the energy loss spectrum of 150 GeV muons in iron

The energy loss spectrum of 150 GeV muons has been measured with a prototype of the ATLAS hadron calorimeter in the H8 beam of the CERN SPS.\\ The differential probability $dP/dv$ per radiation length of a fractional energy loss $v = \Delta E_{\mu} / E_{\mu}$ has been measured in the range $v = 0.01 \div 0.95$; it is then compared with the theoretical predictions for energy losses due to bremsstrahlung and production of electron-positron pairs or of energetic knock-on electrons.\\ The integrated probability $\int_{0.01}^{0.95} (dP/dv) dv$ is $(1.610\pm0.015_{stat.}\pm0.105_{syst.})\cdot10^{-3}$ in agreement with the theoretical predictions of $1.556\cdot10^{-3}$ and $1.619\cdot10^{-3}$. %7.8.96 - start Agreement with theory is also found in two intervals of $v$ where production of electron-positron pairs and knock-on electrons dominates. In the region of bremsstrahlung dominance ($v = 0.12\div0.95$) the measured integrated probability $(1.160\pm0.040_{stat}\pm0.075_{syst})\cdot 10^{-4}$ is in agreement with the theoretical value of $1.185 \cdot 10^{-4}$, obtained using Petrukhin and Shestakov's \cite{PS} description of the bremsstrahlung process. The same result is about 3.6 standard deviations (defined as the quadratic sum of statistical and systematic errors) lower than the theoretical prediction of $1.472\cdot 10^{-4}$, obtained using Tsai's \cite{TS} description of bremsstrahlung

Results from a combined test of an electromagnetic liquid argon calorimeter with a hadronic scintillating-tile calorimeter

The first combined test of an electromagnetic liquid argon accordion calorimeter and a hadronic scintillating-tile calorimeter was carried out at the CERN SPS. These devices are prototypes of the barrel calorimeter of the future ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The energy resolution of pions in the energy range from 20 to 300~GeV at an incident angle $\theta$ of about 11$^\circ$ is well-described by the expression \sigma/E = ((46.5 \pm 6.0)\%/\sqrt{E} +(1.2 \pm 0.3)\%) \oplus (3.2 \pm 0.4)~\mbox{GeV}/E. Shower profiles, shower leakage, and the angular resolution of hadronic showers were also studied

The Vein Patterning 1 (VEP1) Gene Family Laterally Spread through an Ecological Network

Lateral gene transfer (LGT) is a major evolutionary mechanism in prokaryotes. Knowledge about LGT— particularly, multicellular— eukaryotes has only recently started to accumulate. A widespread assumption sees the gene as the unit of LGT, largely because little is yet known about how LGT chances are affected by structural/functional features at the subgenic level. Here we trace the evolutionary trajectory of VEin Patterning 1, a novel gene family known to be essential for plant development and defense. At the subgenic level VEP1 encodes a dinucleotide-binding Rossmann-fold domain, in common with members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) protein family. We found: i) VEP1 likely originated in an aerobic, mesophilic and chemoorganotrophic α-proteobacterium, and was laterally propagated through nets of ecological interactions, including multiple LGTs between phylogenetically distant green plant/fungi-associated bacteria, and five independent LGTs to eukaryotes. Of these latest five transfers, three are ancient LGTs, implicating an ancestral fungus, the last common ancestor of land plants and an ancestral trebouxiophyte green alga, and two are recent LGTs to modern embryophytes. ii) VEP1's rampant LGT behavior was enabled by the robustness and broad utility of the dinucleotide-binding Rossmann-fold, which provided a platform for the evolution of two unprecedented departures from the canonical SDR catalytic triad. iii) The fate of VEP1 in eukaryotes has been different in different lineages, being ubiquitous and highly conserved in land plants, whereas fungi underwent multiple losses. And iv) VEP1-harboring bacteria include non-phytopathogenic and phytopathogenic symbionts which are non-randomly distributed with respect to the type of harbored VEP1 gene. Our findings suggest that VEP1 may have been instrumental for the evolutionary transition of green plants to land, and point to a LGT-mediated ‘Trojan Horse’ mechanism for the evolution of bacterial pathogenesis against plants. VEP1 may serve as tool for revealing microbial interactions in plant/fungi-associated environments

Brain inflammation is accompanied by peripheral inflammation in Cstb(-/-) mice, a model for progressive myoclonus epilepsy

Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1) is an autosomal recessively inherited childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by myoclonus, seizures, and ataxia. Mutations in the cystatin B gene (CSTB) underlie EPM1. The CSTB-deficient (Cstb(-/-)) mouse model recapitulates key features of EPM1, including myoclonic seizures. The mice show early microglial activation that precedes seizure onset and neuronal loss and leads to neuroinflammation. We here characterized the inflammatory phenotype of Cstb(-/-) mice in more detail. We found higher concentrations of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of Cstb(-/-) mice and higher CXCL13 expression in activated microglia in Cstb(-/-) compared to control mouse brains. The elevated chemokine levels were not accompanied by blood-brain barrier disruption, despite increased brain vascularization. Macrophages in the spleen and brain of Cstb(-/-) mice were predominantly pro-inflammatory. Taken together, these data show that CXCL13 expression is a hallmark of microglial activation in Cstb(-/-)mice and that the brain inflammation is linked to peripheral inflammatory changes, which might contribute to the disease pathology of EPM1.Peer reviewe

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КОМПЛЕКСНОЇ ОЦІНКИ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ РЕГІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ

The article aims to clarify the scientific and methodological approach to assess the effectiveness of integrated regional industrial policy with the help of analytical work directed at efficiency analysis from the standpoint of "cost-product", "input-output". The algorithm of evaluating the effectiveness of regional industrial policy that combines the benefits of efficiency evaluation with analysis of implemented or planned activities of regional industrial policy has been suggested in the article. According to the results of the scientific studies an attempt has been made to form a new methodological approach to the integrated assessment of efficiency of regional industrial policy that will not only ensure the dynamic development of the industrial sector of the region, but will help maximize the utility of using economic resources at both the regional economy and the national economy in general. In the course of research, the author has applied the basic methods of economic analysis, statistical methods of research, causal and consequential methods of economic analysis. As the main parameters of monitoring (diagnostics) of the industrial complex of the region, the concept of the effectiveness of the measures system of regional industrial policy from the standpoint of the degree of achievement of the planned parameters and development results has been proposed. Further studies will be used to deepen the theoretical and analytical tools of methodology for assessing the effectiveness of regional industrial policy.По результатам проведенных научных исследований сформировано новый методологический подход к комплексной оценке эффективности региональной промышленной политики, что позволит не только обеспечить динамичное развитие промышленного сектора региона, а будет способствовать получению максимальной пользы от использования экономических ресурсов как на уровне экономики региона, так и национальной экономики в общем. В статье предложен алгоритм проведения оценки эффективности региональной промышленной политики, в котором объединены преимущества оценки результативности с анализом эффективности осуществленных или запланированных мероприятий региональной промышленной политики.За результатом проведених наукових розвідок здійснено спробу сформувати новий методологічний підхід до комплексної оцінки ефективності регіональної промислової політики, що дозволить не тільки забезпечити динамічний розвиток промислового сектору регіону, а буде сприяти одержанню максимальної корисності від використання економічних ресурсів як на рівні економіки регіону, так і національної економіки загалом. У статті запропоновано алгоритм проведення оцінювання ефективності регіональної промислової політики, у якому поєднано переваги оцінки результативності з аналізом ефективності здійснених або запланованих заходів регіональної промислової політики

CONDITIONS FOR OBTAINING IN-SITU PHOSPHORUS DOPED LPCVD POLYSILICON LAYERS WITH HIGH CONDUCTIVITY ONTO GLASS SUBSTRATES

In order to obtain low in-situ phosphorus doped LPCVD polysilicon thin films having good conductivity, it is necessary to obtain an amorphous layer which is crystallized after deposition. This condition limits the choice of both temperature and pressure. An appropriate selection of deposition parameters has led to a phosphorus atom incorporation in the range 2 x 1018 - 2 x 1020 for a phosphine/silane mole ratio in the range 4 x 10-6 - 4 x 10-4. With these conditions, the resistivity varies from 1 to 2 x 10-3 [MATH]cm

Comparison of physical and electrical properties of ULPCVD and VLPCVD in situ phosphorus doped polysilicon or undoped polysilicon

We have analyzed the physical and electrical properties of Ultra Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (ULPCVD) and Very Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (VLPCVD) films of polysilicon. The films are either undoped or in-situ phosphorus doped by varying the phosphine/silane gas mole ratio from 4x10-6 to 4x10-4. For ULPCVD films, pressure is fixed at 10 µbar (1 Pascal) whereas for the VLPCVD ones it is fixed at 100 µbar (10 Pascal). Films are physically and electically characterized. From the analysis of the results it appears that because the deposition rate and the conductivity of ULPCVD films are always lower than the VLPCVD ones, the in-situ phosphorus doped VLPCVD films are potentially better for applications