Abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo em mães adolescentes: um estudo de coorte em serviços primários de saúde

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding in adolescent mothers during the first 6 months of the infant’s life. Method: this is a cohort study of 105 adolescent mothers followed at the child’s 2-, 4- and 6-months of age. The epidemiological approach was adopted, supported by the positivism paradigm. Exposure variables were those directly related to breastfeeding and sociodemographic, family, maternal and child conditions. Data were collected by interview and analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistics. The Hazard Ratio (HR) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The tests were performed, admitting an error type I of 5%. The confidentiality of data was ensured. Results: the cumulative incidences of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment were 33.3%, 52.2% and 63.8%, at 2, 4 and 6 months, respectively. The variables that remain in the final multivariate model were maternal perception of milk quality (HR=11.6; 95%CI 3.6-37.5), pacifier use (HR=1.9; 95%CI 1.2-3.3), and time of first breastfeeding session (HR=1.4; 95%CI 0.5-12.9). Conclusion: the highest abandonment rate occurs before the fourth month. A perception of having poor-quality milk by the adolescent mother and pacifier use are factors that favor the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding. Determining the factors associated with breastfeeding abandonment may allow their timely management, especially in more vulnerable populations.Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo em mães adolescentes durante os primeiros seis meses de vida do bebê. Método: trata-se de um estudo de coorte com 105 mães adolescentes acompanhadas aos dois, quatro e seis meses de vida de seus filhos. Uma abordagem epidemiológica, apoiada por um paradigma positivista, foi adotada. As variáveis de exposição escolhidas foram aquelas diretamente relacionadas ao aleitamento materno e a condições sociodemográficas, familiares, maternas e infantis. Os dados usados foram coletados através de entrevistas e analisados por estatísticas bivariadas e multivariadas. A razão de risco (RR) foi calculada com um intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Os testes foram realizados, admitindo um erro tipo I de 5%. A confidencialidade dos dados foi garantida. Resultados: as incidências acumuladas de abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo foram de 33,3%, 52,2% e 63,8%, aos dois, quatro e seis meses de vida dos bebês, respectivamente. As variáveis que permaneceram no modelo multivariado final foram percepção materna da qualidade de seu leite (HR=11,6; 95% IC 3,6-37,5), uso de chupeta (HR=1,9; 95% IC 1,2-3,3) e tempo de primeira sessão de aleitamento materno depois do nascimento (HR=1,4; 95% IC 0,5-12,9). Conclusão: a maior taxa de abandono ocorre antes do quarto mês de vida dos bebês. Mães adolescentes que julgaram seu leite como ruim e bebês que usam chupeta são fatores que favorecem o abandono do aleitamento materno exclusivo. A determinação dos fatores associados ao abandono do aleitamento materno pode permitir sua gestão oportuna, especialmente em populações mais vulneráveis.Objetivo: analizar los factores relacionados con el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva en madres adolescentes durante los primeros seis meses de vida del bebé. Método: se trata de un estudio de cohorte de 105 madres adolescentes con un seguimiento a los dos, cuatro y seis meses de vida de sus hijos Se adoptó un enfoque epidemiológico, basado en un paradigma positivista. Las variables de exposición escogidas fueron aquellas directamente relacionadas con la lactancia materna y con las condiciones sociodemográficas, familiares, maternas e infantiles. Los datos utilizados fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas y analizados por estadística bivariada y multivariada. El riesgo relativo (RR) se calculó con un intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Las pruebas se realizaron asumiendo un error tipo I del 5%. Se garantizó la confidencialidad de los datos. Resultados: las incidencias acumuladas de abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva fueron del 33,3%, 52,2% y 63,8%, a los dos, cuatro y seis meses de vida de los bebés, respectivamente. Las variables que permanecieron en el modelo final multivariado fueron la percepción materna de la calidad de su leche (HR=11,6; IC 95% 3,6-37,5), uso de chupete (HR=1,9; IC 95% 1, 2-3,3) y momento de la primera lactancia (HR=1,4; IC 95% 0,5-12,9). Conclusión: la mayor tasa de abandono de LME se manifiesta antes del cuarto mes de vida de los bebés. Las madres adolescentes que perciben su leche inadecuada y los bebés que usan chupete son factores que favorecen el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Determinar las causas relacionadas con el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva pueden permitir su adecuada gestión, especialmente en poblaciones más vulnerables

Short-term effect of eucalyptus leachates on green food webs in headwaters

Despite the reported allelopathic nature of the Eucalyptus genus, eucalypt leachates have unknown effects on the trophic base of stream green food webs. Eucalypt plantations have increased worldwide, including riparian ecosystems. We aimed to test whether short-term eucalypt leachates might alter water chemistry, periphytic algal biomass and diatoms, and herbivorous invertebrates’ (i.e., scrapers). We studied two oligotrophic and well-preserved headwaters from NW Spain. The experiment followed a before-after control-impact paired (BACIp) design, with weekly sampling before and after eucalypt leaves addition to streams. In the stream with lower discharge, the eucalypt treatments seemed to affect increases in biomass accrual (Chl-a) and diatom assemblages, disfavouring sensitive species (e.g., Eunotia minor and Achnanthidium pyrenaicum). Therefore, the ecological status was reduced from high to good. In the stream with higher discharge, invertebrate assemblages changed with scrapers having their abundances modified in comparison with the control (e.g., Habrophlebia sp. and Elmidae). Results suggest that eucalypt leaves leachates exert toxic effects on periphyton and on diatom and invertebrate assemblages, and this effect might be mediated by discharge. Alterations at the base of stream food webs may compromise their good ecological status. Further studies are necessary to identify whether this toxicity is due to allelopathic processes

Aportaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Ambientales

de investigadores e investigadores independientes. En ese sentido, queremos otorgar un reconocimiento a quienes tuvieron la voluntad y el tino de apoyar esta iniciativa sobre trabajos relacionados con la quimica, biología, agronomía y medio ambiente

Radiation induced apoptosis and initial DNA damage are inversely related in locally advanced breast cancer patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>DNA-damage assays, quantifying the initial number of DNA double-strand breaks induced by radiation, have been proposed as a predictive test for radiation-induced toxicity. Determination of radiation-induced apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes by flow cytometry analysis has also been proposed as an approach for predicting normal tissue responses following radiotherapy. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between initial DNA damage, estimated by the number of double-strand breaks induced by a given radiation dose, and the radio-induced apoptosis rates observed.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from 26 consecutive patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma. Radiosensitivity of lymphocytes was quantified as the initial number of DNA double-strand breaks induced per Gy and per DNA unit (200 Mbp). Radio-induced apoptosis at 1, 2 and 8 Gy was measured by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Radiation-induced apoptosis increased in order to radiation dose and data fitted to a semi logarithmic mathematical model. A positive correlation was found among radio-induced apoptosis values at different radiation doses: 1, 2 and 8 Gy (p < 0.0001 in all cases). Mean DSB/Gy/DNA unit obtained was 1.70 ± 0.83 (range 0.63-4.08; median, 1.46). A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between initial damage to DNA and radio-induced apoptosis at 1 Gy (p = 0.034). A trend toward 2 Gy (p = 0.057) and 8 Gy (p = 0.067) was observed after 24 hours of incubation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>An inverse association was observed for the first time between these variables, both considered as predictive factors to radiation toxicity.</p

La Imagen y la Narrativa Como Herramientas Para el Abordaje Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia. Departamento de Nariño

La guerra y violencia han estado presente durante más de 70 años en Colombia, esta violencia ha dejado una huella imborrable. En el presente documento se busca realizar un análisis crítico y reflexivo que permita comprender los impactos psicosociales que deja el conflicto armado en las víctimas, pero también reconocer los elementos resilientes y de afrontamientos que los entornos comunitarios construyen desde su propia narrativa. Se analizarán dos historias contadas por las víctimas, que nos ayudarán a comprender los impactos de la guerra de manera individual y colectiva. Inicialmente abordaremos la historia de Amparo, los emergentes Psicosociales identificados, los recursos de afrontamiento y los elementos resilientes, que permitieron a la protagonista pasar de víctima a sobreviviente. Posteriormente se abordará la masacre del Salado comprendiendo la crudeza de la guerra y como esta puede causar efectos psicosociales a nivel comunitario. En este sentido se proponen estrategias contextualizadas al caso específico, tratando de evitar y reparar a la comunidad desde diferentes elementos Además de esto se encontrarán una serie de preguntas de tipo estratégicas, circulares y reflexivas planteadas como herramientas de intervención y atención psicosocial. Para finalizar se encontrará en el documento un análisis de la experiencia de foto voz realizada en diferentes municipios de Nariño, donde se utiliza la estrategia de la fotografía participativa, como un medio para reconocer las problemáticas de la violencia y lograr una transformación social.War and violence have been present for more than 70 years in Colombia, this violence has left an indelible mark. This document seeks to carry out a critical and reflective analysis that allows understanding the psychosocial impacts that the armed conflict leaves on the victims, but also to recognize the resilient and coping elements that community environments build from their own narrative. Two stories told by the victims will be analyzed, which will help us understand the impacts of the war individually and collectively. Initially we will address Amparo's story, the identified Psychosocial emergent, coping resources and resilient elements, which allowed the protagonist to go from victim to survivor. Subsequently, the Salado massacre will be addressed, understanding the harshness of war and how it can cause psychosocial effects at the community level. In this sense, strategies contextualized to the specific case are proposed, trying to avoid and repair the community from different elements. In addition to this, there will be a series of strategic, circular and reflective questions raised as intervention tools and psychosocial care. Finally, the document will contain an analysis of the photovoice experience carried out in different municipalities of Nariño, where the participatory photography strategy is used as a means to recognize the problems of violence and achieve social transformation

Biorefinery of rice husk to obtain functionalized bioactive compounds

The biomass industrialization valorisation of grains and cereals is considered an opportunity for the countries where agro-industrial activity is one of its main economic activities, rendering new higher-value products with a concomitant solution to waste accumulation issues. To that end, in this work we describe and characterise bioactive compounds generation from rice husk by semisolid fermentation, obtained from 500 g of the material at room temperature and 60% humidity with mixed cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The extract was evaluated in different situations: murine mammary tumour cells (4T1), normal cells (NIH 3T3) and in Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Trichoderma harzianum. The results exhibited that the extract inhibited 4T1 cells at concentrations higher than 20μg/mL, but did not inhibit normal cells, and displayed germicide activity after 3 days incubations. We propose that these functionalized compounds have a potential application in industry/agriculture/medicine obtained from rice husk waste

Cognitive impairment in a murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with relapsing-remitting course

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by demyelination and progressive axonal loss that affects the central nervous system. In addition of physical disability and the neurodegenerative process, MS associates with co-morbid behavioral, neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairment, including learning and memory deficits. The study of cognitive impairment in the currently most suitable experimental animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), constitutes a very valuable tool to translate ultimately into clinical a better diagnosis and more effective treatment protocols. In our study, we analyzed the behavioral profile of a murine model of EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55) which develops a relapsing-remitting course. In the early neuroinflammatory phase of the disease, i.e. 19-21 days post immunization (dpi), EAE mice exhibited deficits in motor coordination/skill learning (Rotarod test), and spatial working memory (spontaneous alternation in Y-maze), as well as depressive symptoms (tail suspension test) and anxiety-like behavior (elevated plus-maze). EAE mice did not yet show object recognition memory impairments, suggesting that reference memory was not altered in this phase. However, from 33-35 dpi until late phases (49-52 dpi), independently of clinical score, EAE mice exhibited a memory decline showing lower discrimination index in the object recognition test. EAE late phase was also characterized by motor coordination and spatial working memory impairments as well as higher anxiety-like behavior. Overall, these data demonstrates a differential pattern of gradual cognitive dysfunctions during the relapsing-remitting EAE course that could help to understand the development of progressive cognitive decline in MS patients. Funding: Andalusian Regional Ministries of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment (SEJ-1863; CTS643) and of Health (PI-0234-2013; Nicola´s Monardes Programme).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Changes in peripheral immune cells after intraoperative radiation therapy in low-risk breast cancer

A detailed understanding of the interactions and the best dose-fractionation scheme of radiation to maximize antitumor immunity have not been fully established. In this study, the effect on the host immune system of a single dose of 20 Gy through intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) on the surgical bed in low-risk breast cancer patients undergoing conserving breast cancer has been assessed. Peripheral blood samples from 13 patients were collected preoperatively and at 48 h and 3 and 10 weeks after the administration of radiation. We performed a flow cytometry analysis for lymphocyte subpopulations, natural killer cells (NK), regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We observed that the subpopulation of NK CD56+high CD16+ increased significantly at 3 weeks after IORT (0.30-0.42%, P < 0.001), while no changes were found in immunosuppressive profile, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells, granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs) and monocytic MDSCs (Mo-MDSCs). A single dose of IORT may be an effective approach to improve antitumor immunity based on the increase in NK cells and the non-stimulation of immunosuppressive cells involved in immune escape. These findings support future combinations of IORT with immunotherapy, if they are confirmed in a large cohort of breast cancer patients

Flavonoids: A Group of Potential Food Additives with Beneficial Health Effects

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in health-promoting products which are also natural and safe for consumption because the consumer market has been searching for a healthy lifestyle. This global market trend has driven the food industry to invest in developing innovative products containing bioactive components. Flavonoids are a group of phenolic compounds of low molecular weight, consisting of 15 carbon atoms. Their alterations in the heterocyclic ring’s substitution pattern generate six subclasses: flavonols, flavanols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones and anthocyanins. Also, different studies have reported that diets rich in flavonoids provide numerous benefits associated with health-promoting effects by reducing the risk of development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type II and some types of cancers. These effects have been related to their biological properties which also include other activities such as colorant effects (e.g., anthocyanins), transforming them into potential food additives with desirable capacities. Therefore, this review aims to revise the classes of flavonoids and their main biological properties as well as the most used extraction techniques applied for obtaining these compounds, their bioavailability and the application to formulate new natural food additives