理科教育におけるカリキュラムの統制過程に関する研究

広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(教育学)Doctor of Philosophy in Educationdoctora

高等学校化学における「学び」の過程に関する理論的検討 : 理科教師が行う教材化や教材開発の視座を中心として

本稿は，専門領域の研究論文を専門科学者の「学び」の過程に読み替え，さらに学習者の「学び」の過程に再構成することを通して，理科教師が教材化や教材開発を行う視座に関する示唆を得ることを目的とした。Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 誌に掲載された論文を構造的に読解し，執筆者に対する論文（研究）の作成過程に関するインタビュー調査結果を基に，専門科学者の「学び」の過程への読み替えを行い，教材化や教材開発を行う上で求められる視座について分析・検討を行った。その結果，専門科学（研究）者の「学び」の過程とは，専門科学者が数多くの実験を試行する中で新しい発見や次に繋がる研究テーマを見いだしていく研究スタイル（学習過程）であり，経験したことを基に試行錯誤や条件制御をしながら，実験プランや次の研究テーマを考えていくことになるという発見的な実験を主流としたものであった。この専門科学者の「学び」の過程を，理科教師が行う教材化や教材開発の文脈に置き換えた場合，高等学校化学の実験は，どちらかといえば，与えられた実験で結果は決まっているが，とはいえ，実験を行う本人としては初めての体験である。従って，そこには多かれ少なかれ，実験を行った本人にとって何かしらの新しい発見があり，予想外のことが起きる要素はあるという視点が重要である。また，本研究により，理科教師が「科学者による知的生産の知 (scholarly knowledge)」の創成プロセスとその転置メカニズムについて知ることも，教材研究を行う上では重要な位置付けとなることが見出された。The current study aimed to attain implications for teaching material development by a science teacher, through a reframing of a specialized research paper into a “learning” process of a specialized scientist, followed by a further reconstruction into a learner’s “learning” process. We analyzed and investigated the perspectives necessary for teaching material development, through understanding the structure of a paper published in the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, as well as interviewing with the author of the paper regarding the paper writing process. The result indicated that the process of learning of this specialized scientist was characterized by finding a research topic that led to new discoveries through conducting numerous experiments. The results indicated that the scientist focused on heuristic experiments from which he developed experiment plans and the next research topic by trial-and-error and condition control. If we were to place this “learning” process in the context of teaching material development of a science teacher, it is important to have a point of view that something new would be discovered by a student and something unexpected might occur. Although experiments in high school chemistry usually have prescribed results, experiments are new for the students. In addition, the current study elucidated the importance of a science teacher’s understanding of the creation process of “scholarly knowledge by a scientist” and its mechanism of transposition in his or her teaching material studies

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Research of Environment education materials applied with environment sensor data (4) : Study of science education using carbon dioxide data

本研究は,小学校・中学校での二酸化炭素の振る舞いに関する考察を軸とした環境学習における効果的な気象センサーデータの活用法と意義について検討することを目的とするものである。小学校と中学校で,可搬型のCO2センサーと屋外設置型のCO2センサーを用いた授業を行い,児童・生徒の反応から教材や教授方法の有効性を検討したところ,次の2点が明らかになった。①小学校児童の反応から,大気中の二酸化炭素濃度の変動に関する知識を習得するために,自分たちで収集したデータを用いても,他者が収集したデータを用いても,学習効果は変わらないのではないかと思われる。②中学校生徒の反応を見ると,事前に可搬型センサーを用いて生徒自らが身の回りの測定を行うことで,科学的根拠を見出し,それらの不確実な点を指摘することができたようである

Research of Environment education materials applied with environment sensor data (3) : Study of science general education using carbon dioxide data

本研究は, 二酸化炭素の振る舞いを軸とした環境学習について, その可能性を検討するものである。 環境学習の課題の一つとして, 実験がおこないにくい点が挙げられる。日常生活における経験をいかに学習に結びつけるかを課題として, 我々は気象センサーデータの気象学習への利用について, これまで検討と実践をおこない, その効果を確認してきた。本年度は二酸化炭素のセンサーを用い, そのデータを活用した, 教材開発をおこなった。二酸化炭素については, 地球温暖化やCO2排出量の削減, 取引といった話題がマスメディアで取り上げられていることもあり, 生徒にとっては知名度の高いものである。しかしながら, 二酸化炭素は有害である, 二酸化炭素はゼロにするべき, といった極端な考えを持つ生徒も多い。 そこで, 一日の二酸化炭素の変化について, センサーデータを用いた考察をおこなうことで, 二酸化炭素の性質を理解し, 科学的な思考力を高めることを目的とした。 本年度, センサーを用いた授業を実施した結果, センサーデータを授業で活用することによる環境学習の発展には, 大きな可能性があるという結論に至った

Fundamental study on living thing teaching material : Detection of starch and growth of pollen tube

本研究は, 生物教材の観察・実験を容易に行うための基礎データを収集・整理することを目的とする。今年度は花粉管の成長と葉のデンプン検出を容易に行うことができる植物について検討した。広島大学附属東雲小・中学校敷地内および近隣から採取した植物を用いて実験を行ったところ, 次のことが明らかになった。①葉のデンプン検出は柔らかい葉を用いたたたき染め法が小学校での実施に適していると考えられる。②花粉管の成長観察はホウセンカが小学校での実施に適していると考えられる