「市民科学」と「日常政治」: 福島原発事故後の地域市民活動を探る

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

Conflict management in organizations: approaches to solving and prevention

З’ясовано сутність та природу виникнення конфліктів в організації, досліджено основні підходи до управління конфліктами та стресами в колективі. Вказано сучасні проблеми, пов’язані з конфліктами, та запропоновано шляхи їх усунення.The problem of studying and analyzing conflicts in organizations is widely researched in modern literature, but still remains urgent due to the impact of such situations both on personnel activity and moral and psychological climate in the team. Conflicts cause significant harm to the effective interaction in groups, loss of productive resources and time. Along with being timely discovered and resolved conflicts can be means of solving urgent problems. Conflicts are related to the human factor in the organization, so mastering the technique of management is essential for today’s leaders, as opposed to the need of resolving conflict problems with their consequences. The essence and nature of conflict in the organization are studied in the article by using basic approaches to conflict management and stress in the team. Today there is no unity among scientists concerning the understanding of the conflict’s nature as a social phenomenon: some believe that conflict is the norm in social life, “conflict-free society is as impossible as dry water”, “if there are no conflicts in your life check whether you have a pulse”, other scientists believe that conflict is a dangerous disease, social pathology one has to get rid of it forever, ahead is the conflicts-free society. In both cases, the criterion of truth is life: nowadays the avalanche-like growth of conflict takes place, so regardless to the point of view the existence of conflict is recognized. Conflicts, especially those ones which result in destruction and dangerous consequences, should be carefully examined and recommendations for their regulation are to be formulated

「市民科学」と「日常政治」: 福島原発事故後の地域市民活動を探る

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term

Cluver, C., et al. 2017. Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1:1-76, Art. CD009273, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009273.pub2The original publication is available at https://www.cochranelibrary.comBackground: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are significant contributors to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. These disorders include well‐controlled chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension (pregnancy‐induced hypertension) and mild pre‐eclampsia. The definitive treatment for these disorders is planned early delivery and the alternative is to manage the pregnancy expectantly if severe uncontrolled hypertension is not present, with close maternal and fetal monitoring. There are benefits and risks associated with both, so it is important to establish the safest option. Objectives: To assess the benefits and risks of a policy of planned early delivery versus a policy of expectant management in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders, at or near term (from 34 weeks onwards). Search methods: We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Trials Register (12 January 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies. Selection criteria: Randomised trials of a policy of planned early delivery (by induction of labour or by caesarean section) compared with a policy of delayed delivery ("expectant management") for women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation. Cluster‐randomised trials would have been eligible for inclusion in this review, but we found none. Studies using a quasi‐randomised design are not eligible for inclusion in this review. Similarly, studies using a cross‐over design are not eligible for inclusion, because they are not a suitable study design for investigating hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility and risks of bias. Two review authors independently extracted data. Data were checked for accuracy. Main results: We included five studies (involving 1819 women) in this review. There was a lower risk of composite maternal mortality and severe morbidity for women randomised to receive planned early delivery (risk ratio (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 0.83, two studies, 1459 women (evidence graded high)). There were no clear differences between subgroups based on our subgroup analysis by gestational age, gestational week or condition. Planned early delivery was associated with lower risk of HELLP syndrome (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.93, 1628 women; three studies) and severe renal impairment (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.92, 100 women, one study). There was not enough information to draw any conclusions about the effects on composite infant mortality and severe morbidity. We observed a high level of heterogeneity between the two studies in this analysis (two studies, 1459 infants, I2 = 87%, Tau2 = 0.98), so we did not pool data in meta‐analysis. There were no clear differences between subgroups based on our subgroup analysis by gestational age, gestational week or condition. Planned early delivery was associated with higher levels of respiratory distress syndrome (RR 2.24, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.18, three studies, 1511 infants), and NICU admission (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.40, four studies, 1585 infants). There was no clear difference between groups for caesarean section (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.07, 1728 women, four studies, evidence graded moderate), or in the duration of hospital stay for the mother after delivery of the baby (mean difference (MD) ‐0.16 days, 95% CI ‐0.46 to 0.15, two studies, 925 women, evidence graded moderate) or for the baby (MD ‐0.20 days, 95% CI ‐0.57 to 0.17, one study, 756 infants, evidence graded moderate). Two fairly large, well‐designed trials with overall low risk of bias contributed the majority of the evidence. Other studies were at low or unclear risk of bias. No studies attempted to blind participants or clinicians to group allocation, potentially introducing bias as women and staff would have been aware of the intervention and this may have affected aspects of care and decision‐making. The level of evidence was graded high (composite maternal mortality and morbidity), moderate (caesarean section, duration of hospital stay after delivery for mother, and duration of hospital stay after delivery for baby) or low (composite infant mortality and morbidity). Where the evidence was downgraded, it was mostly because the confidence intervals were wide, crossing both the line of no effect and appreciable benefit or harm. Authors' conclusions: For women suffering from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy after 34 weeks, planned early delivery is associated with less composite maternal morbidity and mortality. There is no clear difference in the composite outcome of infant mortality and severe morbidity; however, this is based on limited data (from two trials) assessing all hypertensive disorders as one group. Further studies are needed to look at the different types of hypertensive diseases and the optimal timing of delivery for these conditions. These studies should also include infant and maternal morbidity and mortality outcomes, caesarean section, duration of hospital stay after delivery for mother and duration of hospital stay after delivery for baby. An individual patient meta‐analysis on the data currently available would provide further information on the outcomes of the different types of hypertensive disease encountered in pregnancy.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009273.pub2/fullPublisher's versio

Leukocyte Esterase Activity in Vaginal Fluid of Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women With Vaginitis/Vaginosis and in Controls

Objectives: To determine the leukocyte esterase (LE) activity in vaginal lavage fluid of women with acute and recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC and RVVC respectively), bacterial vaginosis (BV), and in pregnant and non-pregnant women without evidence of the three conditions. Also to compare the result of LE tests in women consulting at different weeks in the cycle and trimesters of pregnancy.The LE activity was correlated to vaginal pH, number of inflammatory cells in stained vaginal smears, type of predominating vaginal bacteria and presence of yeast morphotypes. Methods: One hundred and thirteen women with a history of RVVC, i.e. with at least four attacks of the condition during the previous year and who had consulted with an assumed new attack of the condition, were studied. Furthermore, we studied 16 women with VVC, 15 women with BV, and 27 women attending for control of cytological abnormalities, who all presented without evidence of either vaginitis or vaginosis. Finally, 73 pregnant women were investigated. The LE activity in vaginal fluid during different weeks in the cycle of 53 of the women was measured. Results: In the non-pregnant women, an increased LE activity was found in 96, 88, 73 and 56% of those with RVVC, VVC and BV and in the non-VVC/BV cases, respectively. In 73% of pregnant women in the second trimester, and 76% of those in the third, the LE test was positive. In all groups of non-pregnant women tested, the LE activity correlated with the number of leukocytes in vaginal smears, but it did not in those who were pregnant. There was no correlation between LE activity and week in cycle. The vaginal pH showed no correlation to LE activity in any of the groups studied. Conclusions: The use of commercial LE dipsticks has a limited value in the differential diagnosis of RVVC, VVCand BV. There is no correlation between the LE activity in vaginal secretion on one hand and vaginal pH, week in the menstrual cycle and trimester in pregnancy on the other. Women with BV often have signs of inflammation as evidenced by a positive LE test and inflammatory cells in genital smears

Neurotropic enteroviruses (Picornaviridae: <i>Enterovirus</i>): predominant types, basis of neurovirulence

Enteroviruses are one of the most common causative agents of infectious diseases of the central nervous system. They are characterized by genetic variability, the ability to infect a wide range of cells, including brain microglial cells and astrocytes, and persist in the central nervous system tissue, causing delayed and chronic diseases. The review presents data on the basis of neurovirulence of non-polio enteroviruses and the most common pathogens causing enteroviral neuroinfections

Characterization of women with a history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis.

Background. To characterize history, signs, and symptoms in women with a history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (RVVC) and who had consulted with symptoms generally associated with the condition. Methods. Eighty-three women with a history consistent with RVVC were interviewed regarding 32 parameters and 10 signs found at the clinical examination were noted. Candida cultures were made from the introitus and the posterior vaginal fornix. Results. Only in a few of the 43 women with and the 40 without a positive yeast culture could any of the many etiological factors that have been associated with RVVC be traced. Only two factors differed between the groups, namely yogurt intake, which was reported by 28 (68%) and 38 (95%) women in these groups, respectively. Vaginal douching was performed by 10 (23%) women in the Candida-positive group and by 17 (42%) women in the Candida-negative group. Pruritis and burning occurred in 31 (72%) and 22 (51%) of culture-positive patients, which was less frequent than in the culture-negative group, i.e. reported by 19 (47%) and 9 (22%) patients, respectively (p = 0.022 and p = 0.007). Edema (p = 0.026) of the vulva as well as erythema (p = 0.019) and edema (p = 0.008) of the vaginal mucosa, caseous discharge (p = 0.016), were found more often in the Candida culture-positive cases. Conclusions. History and results of clinical examination of patients with RVVC are not enough to distinguish those who are culture-positive from those who are culture-negative for Candida from the genital tract

El Papel De Las Instituciones Financieras En El Desarrollo De La Innovación En Rusia

El desarrollo innovador de Rusia es una prioridad clave en el contexto de la complicada situación macroeconómica del país, el aumento de los riesgos geopolíticos y los graves desafíos económicos mundiales. Rusia estuvo en el top 60 en el ranking de innovación de países hasta 2018, según los resultados de los cuales ocupó el puesto 49, aumentando 13 puntos con respecto a 2017. El objetivo establecido en la Estrategia para el Desarrollo Innovador de Rusia de aumentar la proporción de empresas industriales que implementan innovaciones tecnológicas al 50% para 2020 requiere no tanto un flujo financiero a gran escala como nuevos incentivos e instrumentos para financiar la innovación, con un enfoque principalmente en las primeras etapas del desarrollo empresarial. Existe una necesidad obvia de herramientas alternativas para financiar innovaciones, como el crowdfunding, que combina los logros de apertura del espacio de Internet y la capacidad de utilizar los recursos financieros gratuitos de la población. Hoy, hay un momento histórico en la formación de un nuevo instrumento financiero, y es importante apoyar el crowdfunding al inicio de su desarrollo. Según las estimaciones del Banco Mundial, las inversiones a través del crowdfunding ascenderán a unos 96.000 millones de dólares estadounidenses para 2025 (un aumento de 30 veces desde 2012), que es el doble del mercado mundial de financiación de empresas

Factors influencing bone mineral density in postpartum women

Background: Osteopenia is a common condition. Therefore, identification of groups for prevention of osteoporosis and restoration of bone mineral density (BMD) remains relevant. Aim: to assess the factors contributing to development of osteopenia in puerperas. Methods: prospective cross-sectional study. We examined 112 patients aged 20-35, 3-5 days after delivery. To assess possible factors for BMD decrease, we analyzed medical history, lifestyle, nutrition, anthropometric data, obstetric and gynecological history, and pregnancy course. We also assessed serum levels of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25-OH-D) and PTH. BMD was measured by dual energy x-ray osteodensitometry. We considered Z-score from -1 to -2.5SD as osteopenia, below -2.5 SD-as osteoporosis. Results: based on Z-score values, two groups were formed: 1 (n=70) - puerperas with osteopenia, 2 (n=42) - puerperas with normal BMD. In the first group, osteopenia in the distal radius was observed in 48%, in the lumbar spine in 16% and in the proximal femur in 36%. Influence of the following possible factors in group 1 was established: BMI in 15-20 years 18 kg/m2 (p0.013), BMI 25 kg/m2 (p0.018), 25-OH-D less than 25 ng / ml (p 0.0018), calcium intake less than 800 mg/day (p0.041). Menstrual disorders (p0.052) and preeclapsia (p 0.042) affected lumbar spine BMD. In group 1, vitamin D deficiency was detected in 82% of women, 18% showed vitamin D insufficiency; in group 2, vitamin D deficiency was found in 16%, deficiency in 70%, in 14% vitamin D was normal. In women with a combination of factors such as BMI 18 kg/m; calcium intake lower than 800 mg/day, menstrual cycle disorders, vitamin D deficiency - osteopenia in the distal radius occured 11 times more often (OR=11,47059; CI 95%=[4,0326; 32,627]). Conclusion: most significant impact on BMD decrease in puerperas can be expected if patient has the following risk factors: BMI18 kg/m2; 25-OH- D25 ng/ml ; nutrition with calcium intake 800 mg per day, preeclampsia. Combination of these factors may increase the risk of osteopenia in the distal radius