94 research outputs found
Calibration of the fundamental diagram based on loop and probe data
Transportation Research Board, WASHINGTON DC, ETATS-UNIS, 10-/01/2016 - 14/01/2016The fundamental diagram is a key component of traffic flow. It describes equilibrium traffic states and their propagation on a traffic network. The knowledge of its parameters is of paramount importance to understand traffic properties and its characteristics. It is also critical to calibrate the elements of dynamic traffic flow simulation models and reproduce traffic states on road networks. The paper is concerned with developing a method for estimating fundamental diagram parameters that combines loop data and probe data. Loop data are considered as boundary conditions of the problem.Travel times between (any points located between) the loop can be estimated based on the fundamentals of the kinematic wave theory. The optimal fundamental diagram parameters are computed so that the discrepancy between estimated travel times and actual travel times from probes is minimal. The method is validated on simulated error-free data. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the method when applied on an error-free dataset. The method is then implemented using realistic data, i.e. aggregated and noised beforehand. It demonstrates its robustness and the results are encouraging for developing a algorithm that calibrates online and automatically fundamental diagram parameters.Le diagramme fondamental est un composant primordial de l'écoulement du trafic. Il décrit les états de trafic d'équilibre et leur propagation à travers le réseau. La connaissance de ses paramètres est d'importance capitale pour comprendre les propriétés et caractéristiques du trafic. Il est aussi indispensable de caler les éléments des modèles de simulation dynamiques de trafic et reproduire les états de trafic sur les réseaux routiers. Le papier est dédié au développement d'une méthode d'estimation des paramètres du diagramme fondamental combinant des données de boucles et des données de Îhicules sondes. Les données de boucles sont assimilées aux conditions aux limites du problème. Les temps de trajet entre (tous les points localisés entre) les boucles peuvent être estimés à l'aide des notions fondamentales de la théorie des ondes cinématiques. Les paramètres optimaux du diagramme fondamental sont calculés tels que l'écart entre les temps de trajet estimés et réels soit minimal. La méthode est validée sur un panel de données sans erreurs. La méthode est ensuite implémentée dans un environnement disposant de données synthétiques réalistes, i.e. agrégées et bruitées en prétraitement. Les résultats démontrent la robustesse de la méthode et les résultats sont encourageants pour le développement d'un algorithme calibrant en temps réel et automatiquement les paramètres du diagramme fondamental
Discours présidentiels : Une analyse des prestations de trois candidats à la présidentielle sur le plateau d’un talk show
This study proposes a reading into Egyptian political discourse, using a qualitative discourse analysis of six episodes of the TV show Egypt Elects the President, presenting three different candidates during the 2012 Egyptian presidential election campaign. The analysis included elements of: self presentation, discussion of proposed reform programs, power relations, foreign policy, human rights and relation with political opponents. Candidates were selected according to highest voting rates and to represent different political stances: Revolutionary, Islamist and Former Regime. The results show that Revolutionary and Islamist candidates seemed to be more open for discussion of their programs. They held a strong embrace to their ideas and a strong will for discussion, offering more systematic representation of their electoral programs.Cette étude propose une lecture de discours politiques égyptiens, à travers une analyse qualitative de six épisodes du talk show intitulé « L’Égypte élit son président », présentant trois différents candidats à la présidentielle de 2012. L’analyse inclut des éléments de présentation de soi, la discussion des différents programmes de réformes proposés par les candidats, et leurs positions concernant les relations de pouvoir, la politique étrangère, les droits de l’homme et leurs relations avec leurs opposants politiques. Les candidats étudiés ont été retenus pour cette analyse parce qu’ils sont ceux ayant obtenu le plus de voix lors du premier tour de l’élection, et qu’ils représentent trois courants politiques distincts : la révolution, l’islam politique, et l’ancien régime. Les résultats montrent que le candidat islamiste et le candidat révolutionnaire semblent davantage ouverts à la discussion de leur programme. Ils font preuve d’un fort attachement à leurs idées et d’une volonté de débattre, et offrent une présentation systématique de leurs programmes politiques
Fabrications Concerning the Inheritance of Males and Females: A Jurisprudential and Linguistic Study
أهداف البحث: يهدف البحث إلى الرد على من سوّى في الميراث بين الأولاد، فجاء البحث ليجيب على الأسئلة الآتية:
- ما ميراث كل من الذكر والأنثى في القرآن الكريم؟
- وما الرؤية الجديدة التي ينادي بها البعض فيما يخص التسوية بين الأولاد في الميراث؟
- وهل تطابقت هذه الرؤية مع نصوص القرآن؟
منهج الدراسة: اعتمد البحث على المناهج الوصفي، والاستقرائي، والتحليلي.
النتائج: توصل البحث إلى أنه: لم يقع خلاف بين المسلمين في أن للذكر ضعف ما للأنثى عند الاجتماع، وأن للأنثى الواحدة النصف، وللأنثيين فأكثر الثلثين عند الانفراد عن الذكر. جعل صاحب هذه الرؤية للذكر مثل ما للأنثى في حالتين، حالة وجود أنثى واحدة، وحالة وجود أنثيين، ثم جعل بعد ذلك للذكر ضعف ما للأنثى.
إن الأخذ بالرؤية الجديدة إضافة إلى كونه يجعل التخبط واقعًا في ميراث الأولاد، فإنه سيحرم كلًا من الأبوين والزوجين من الميراث، كما أنها رؤية لا تنم عن تصور للواقع؛ إذ لم تبين لنا باقي الحالات المحتملة والواقعة.
أصالة البحث: للبحث أهمية في توجيه نظر عامة المسلمين إلى تخبط أفكار من يدعون للتسوية في الميراث بين الذكور والإناث، ويبين البحث سطحية آرائهم وتناقضها مع نصوص القرآن الكريم.Purpose: The study aims to respond to those who advocate for equal shares of inheritance among the children. It answers the following questions:
- What is the inheritance share for both male and female inheritors in the Holy Qur'an?
- What new view are some advocating with regard to equal shares among children in inheritance?
- Does this view comply to the texts of the Holy Qur'an?
Methodology: The study is based on the descriptive, inductive, and analytical approaches.
Findings: The study concludes that there is no disagreement among Muslim scholars as to that a male receives twice as much as a female inheritor when inheriting simultaneously. Furthermore, a female inherits half when she is alone. However, when she is inheriting with one or more other females without a male, they receive two thirds of the shares.
The new view advocates that equal inheritance between a male and a female applies in two scenarios: in the case of the presence of a single female, and of two female inheritors. A male inheritor receives twice the share of a female inheritor in the remaining cases.
The application of the new view, in addition to causing confusion in the inheritance of children, deprives both parents and the spouse of the deceased of inheritance. Furthermore, this is a view that does not reflect reality since it does not address the other possible inheritance scenarios.
Originality: The study’s importance lies in that it turns the view of general Muslims to the confusion caused by the those advocating for equal shares in inheritance among male and female inheritors. Moreover, the study shows the superficiality of such opinions and their contradiction with the texts of the Holy Quran
Les déterminants de la réussite entrepreneuriale en temps de la crise sanitaire et économique : Cas des PME de la région de Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
SMEs are the backbone of any economy (Eggers, 2020). Thus, when the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, the entire economy was put at risk and SMEs were hit hard.
The first figures seem to be alarming, but the prospects for emerging from this vortex remain optimistic. At the end of 2020, more than 95% of Moroccan SMEs have been able to maintain their activity (HCP, 2021), many of which have shown resilience and agility and have been able to overcome the devastating effects of the crisis.
Our research aims, then, to study the key determinants explaining the success of Moroccan SMEs in times of health and economic crisis COVID-19 by focusing on three main dimensions: the environment, the entrepreneur and the resources mobilized.
To this end, we conducted a qualitative study through individual semi-directive interviews with a simple random sample of 20 entrepreneurs operating in the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra region.
The results obtained showed that although the Moroccan government has developed a wide range of support measures for SMEs, the majority of the entrepreneurs considered that the success of their business is mainly due to endogenous factors related to their commitment, their motivation and the resources at their disposal, and secondarily, to exogenous factors related to the characteristics of the context and the opportunities offered by the environment in which they operate.
JEL Classification : H12, P47, F64.
Paper type: Empirical research.Les PME constituent l'épine dorsale de toute économie (Eggers, 2020). Ainsi, lorsque la pandémie COVID-19 a surgi toute l’économie est mise en péril et les PME sont durement touchées.
Les premiers chiffres paraissent certes, alarmants, toutefois les perspectives de sortie de ce tourbillon demeurent optimistes. À fin 2020, plus que 95% des PME marocaines ont pu maintenir leur activité (HCP, 2021) dont une bonne partie a fait preuve de résilience et d’agilité et a pu surmonter, relativement, les effets dévastateurs de la crise.
Notre recherche vise, alors, à étudier les déterminants clés explicatifs de la réussite des PME marocaines en temps de crise sanitaire et économique COVID-19 en mettant l’accent sur trois principales dimensions: l’environnement, l’entrepreneur et les ressources mobilisées.
Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une étude qualitative via des entretiens individuels semi-directifs auprès d’un échantillon de type aléatoire simple composé de 20 entrepreneurs œuvrant dans la région de Rabat-Salé-Kenitra.
Les résultats obtenus ont montré que bien que le gouvernement marocain a développé une panoplie de mesures d’appui et de soutien aux PME, la majorité des entrepreneurs considérait que la réussite de leur entreprise est inhérente principalement à des facteurs endogènes liés à leur engagement, leur motivation et aux ressources propres mises à leur disposition et subsidiairement, aux facteurs exogènes liés aux caractéristiques du contexte et aux opportunités offertes par l’environnement où ils opèrent.
Classification JEL: H12, P47, F64.
Type de l’article : Recherche appliqué
L’échec entrepreneurial dans les nouvelles TPME : Une approche qualificative pour explorer les différentes dimensions du phénomène
In Morocco, as elsewhere, it is clear that the creation of new businesses has become an effective alternative in the fight against unemployment and insecurity. According to the High Commission for Planning (HCP), 93% of the economic fabric is made up of SMEs (HCP, 2019).
Despite the efforts made by successive governments to support young entrepreneurs, the survival rate of newly created businesses remains low. Barely 73% make it past the first year, 48% make it past 3 years, 32% make it past 5 years, and barely 6% of businesses are still active 10 years after their creation (CRI de Casablanca-Settat, 2018).
The first years of the existence of a new firm were studied very early by theorists of firm development (Thierry & Bertrand, 2006), who saw them as a preliminary stage leading to later phases marked by entrepreneurial success or failure. Studying why some entrepreneurs in newly created firms succeed and others do not be one of the fundamental questions of entrepreneurship research.
In this article, we have tried to elucidate the factors, both endogenous and exogenous, that explain entrepreneurial failure in newly created SMEs. To do so, we conducted a qualitative exploration in articulation with the theoretical corpus. This qualitative exploration is based on individual semi-directive interviews, with 20 entrepreneurs, articulated around three dimensions: the entrepreneurial context, the resources mobilized by the entrepreneur and the entrepreneur himself.
The results obtained showed that entrepreneurial failure is the result of the interaction of several factors from the three dimensions, with the predominance of one dimension over the others. Indeed, the environmental constraints inherent to the entrepreneurial context remain as the most dominant dimension in the explanation of failure, followed by the lack of resources in terms of skills, training, experience, financial capital and network. On the other hand, the predominance of the "motivation and entrepreneurial commitment" dimension remains to be qualified in the explanation of business failure.
JEL Classification : M13
Paper type: Empirical research.Au Maroc comme tout à ailleurs, force est de constater que la création de nouvelles entreprises est devenue une alternative efficace pour la lutte contre le chômage et la précarité. D’après le Haut-commissariat au plan (HCP), 93% du tissu économique est constitué des TPME (HCP, 2019).
Malgré les efforts consentis par les différents gouvernements qui se sont succédé en matière d’accompagnement des jeunes créateurs d’entreprises, le taux de survie des entreprises nouvellement créées reste faible. À peine 73% passent le cap de la première année, 48% dépassent les 3 ans, 32% les 5 ans, et à peine 6% des entreprises sont toujours actives 10 ans après leur création (CRI de Casablanca-Settat, 2018).
Les premières années d’existence d’une entreprise nouvelle ont été très tôt étudiées par les théoriciens de développement de la firme (Thierry & Bertrand, 2006), qui les voyaient comme une étape préliminaire conduisant à des phases ultérieures marquées par la réussite ou l’échec entrepreneurial. Étudier pour quelles raisons dans les entreprises nouvellement crées, certains entrepreneurs réussissent-ils et d’autres non, est l’une des questions fondamentales de la recherche en entrepreneuriat.
Dans ce présent article, nous avons essayé d’élucider les facteurs, à la fois endogènes et exogènes, explicatifs de l’échec entrepreneurial dans les TPME nouvellement créées. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une exploration qualitative en articulation avec le corpus théorique. Cette exploration qualitative est basée sur des entretiens individuels semi-directifs, auprès de 20 entrepreneurs, articulés autour de trois dimensions : le contexte entrepreneurial, les ressources mobilisées par l’entrepreneur et l’entrepreneur lui-même.
Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l’échec entrepreneurial est le résultat de l’interaction de plusieurs facteurs relevant des trois dimensions, avec la prédominance d’une dimension par rapport aux autres. En effet, les contraintes environnementales inhérentes au contexte entrepreneurial demeurent comme étant la dimension la plus dominante dans l’explication de l’échec, suivie de la carence en ressources engagées en termes de compétences, formation, expérience, capital financier et réseau. Par contre, la prédominance de la dimension « motivation et engagement entrepreneurial » reste à nuancer dans l’explication de l’échec des entreprises.
Classification JEL : M13
Type de l’article : Recherche appliquée
Multilevel Assessment of the Impact of Rain on Drivers' Behavior Standardized Methodology and Empirical Analysis
For all road managers, inclement weather events are a source of uncertainty that can affect traffic operations and safety. Regarding safety, various studies reveal significant effects of adverse weather conditions on the frequency and severity of crashes. Regarding mobility, because of a lack of data, there are few comprehensive studies, although the quantification of the effects of adverse weather on traffic represents the first step toward the development of weather-responsive traffic management strategies. This study deals with the analysis of the impact of rain on drivers' behavior and traffic operations. First, a generic methodology for assessing the effect of weather on traffic is proposed through a multilevel approach: from individual traffic data, the rain impact is assessed at a microscopic level (time headways, spacing). Next, the same data were used to extend the study to a mesoscopic and a macroscopic level. The mesoscopic level deals with the effects of rain on platoons, and the macroscopic level resides in the analysis of the impact of rain on the fundamental diagram enabling weather-responsive macroscopic traffic simulation. Second, following this approach, an empirical study is carried out from individual data collected on a French interurban motorway. Weather data were provided by a weather station located near the test site. The results exhibit a significant impact of rain on drivers' behavior and traffic operations, which increases with the intensity of rainfall
Fusing GPS Probe and Mobile Phone Data for Enhanced Land-Use Detection
International audienceProfiling the diversity of land use in modern cities by mining data related to human mobility represents a challenging problem in urban planning, transportation and smart city management. Previous work on mobile phone data (i.e., Call Detail Records) has shown the existence of strong correlations between the urban tissue and the associated mobile communication demand. Similarly, GPS traces of vehicles convey information on transportation demand and human activities that can be related to the land use of the neighborhood where they take place. In this paper, we investigate the land use patterns that emerge when studying simultaneously GPS traces of probe vehicles and mobile phone data collected by network providers. To this end, we extend previous definitions of mobile phone traffic signatures for land use detection, so as to incorporate additional information on human presence and mobility conveyed by GPS traces of vehicles. Leveraging these extended signatures, we exploit an unsupervised learning technique to identify classes of signatures that are distinctive of different land use. We apply our technique to real-world data collected in French and Italian cities. Results unveil the existence of signatures that are common to all studied areas and specific to particular land uses. The combined use of mobile phone data and GPS traces outperforms previous approaches when confronted to ground-truth information, and allows characterizing land use in greater detail than in the literature to date
A conditionally linearly stable second-order traffic model derived from a Vlasov kinetic description
International audienc
TRANSIT: Fine-Grained Human Mobility Trajectory Inference at Scale with Mobile Network Signaling Data
International audienceCall detail records (CDR) collected by mobile phone network providers have been largely used to model and analyze human-centric mobility. Despite their potential, they are limited in terms of both spatial and temporal accuracy thus being unable to capture detailed human mobility information. Network Signaling Data (NSD) represent a much richer source of spatio-temporal information currently collected by network providers, but mostly unexploited for fine-grained reconstruction of human-centric trajectories. In this paper, we present TRANSIT, TRAjectory inference from Network SIgnaling daTa, a novel framework capable of proceessing NSD to accurately distinguish mobility phases from stationary activities for individual mobile devices, and reconstruct, at scale, fine-grained human mobility trajectories, by exploiting the inherent recurrence of human mobility and the higher sampling rate of NSD. The validation on a ground-truth dataset of GPS trajectories showcases the superior performance of TRANSIT (80% precision and 96% recall) with respect to state-of-the-art solutions in the identification of movement periods, as well as an average 190 m spatial accuracy in the estimation of the trajectories. We also leverage TRANSIT to process a unique large-scale NSD dataset of more than 10 millions of individuals and perform an exploratory analysis of city-wide transport mode shares, recurrent commuting paths, urban attractivity and analysis of mobility flows
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