Chemokinrezeptorexpression im kutanen T-Zell Lymphom und gezielte Beeinflussung der chemokinvermittelten Zellrekrutierung

Die Rekrutierung von Zellen ist ein komplexer, in mehreren Schritten ablaufender Mechanismus, der eine zentrale Bedeutung für zahlreiche biologische Prozesse, wie z.B. Entzündung, Transplantatabstoßung, Tumormetastasierung und Stammzell¬migration hat. Die Migration von Zellen aus dem Blutstrom oder einem Reservoir in ein Zielgewebe bzw. Zielorgan und umgekehrt wird durch zahlreiche spezifische und unspezifische Reize ausgelöst und orchestriert. Dies erfolgt zu einem großen Teil durch von Chemokinen regulierte Mechanismen. Chemokine sind chemotaktische Zytokine, welche an spezifische auf der Zelloberfläche exprimierte Chemokinrezeptoren (CCR) binden. Zellen mit entsprechenden Chemokinrezeptoren wandern entlang eines Chemokingradienten zum jeweiligen Ziel, z.B. einem Entzündungsherd oder einem Zielorgan. Erstes Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Analyse der Chemokinrezeptorexpression im kutanen T-Zell Lymphom (CTCL), einem Non-Hogkin-Lymphom mit primärer kutaner Manifestation. Der Nachweis von Chemokinrezeptoren erfolgte in vitro mit der Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR), der Durchflusszytometrie und mit Migrations-versuchen. Der Chemokinrezeptornachweis auf Hautschnitten von CTCL-Patienten erfolgte mit der Immunhistochemie. Erstmals konnte der hautassoziierte Chemokinrezeptor CCR10 im Rahmen des CTCL nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem gelang der Nachweis der Chemokinrezeptoren CCR4, CCR7 und CXCR3 in Hautschnitten und Lymphknotenbiopsien. CXCR3 wurde erstmals im Sezary Syndrom, einer fortgeschrittenen und aggressiven CTCL-Unterform, beschrieben. In der Immunhistochemie wurde die stärkste CCR10-Expression in Sezary Syndrom-Hautschnitten festgestellt. In Biopsien von befallenen Lymphknoten zeigte sich ein auffälliges CCR10-Verteilungsmuster: CCR10-positive Zellen wurden im Lymphsinus nachgewiesen, drangen aber nur vereinzelt in den Lymphknoten ein. In peripheren, nicht-kutanen Lymphomen wurde CCR10 nicht nachgewiesen und ist somit vermutlich exklusiv auf dem primär kutanen CTCL exprimiert. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass CCR10 den Epidermotropismus vor allem in aggressiveren Stadien reguliert. Die Bedeutung von CCR10 für die lymphatische Metastasierung des CTCL ist noch nicht geklärt. CCR10 könnte in der Zukunft als Faktor für die klinische Einstufung des CTCL oder als Ziel für eine gezielte Tumortherapie dienen. Die gezielte Tumortherapie ist u.a. mit Chemokinantagonisten möglich. Sie erlauben die gezielte Beeinflussung der chemokingesteuerten Rekrutierung von Leukozyten, Stammzellen oder Tumorzellen. Deshalb wurde ein membranbindender Antagonist des Chemokins CCL5, als potentielles Agens für die lokale Therapie von Tumoren oder von Transplantatabstoßungen, generiert. Das Chemokin CCL5 und seine Rezeptoren spielen in der akuten Transplantatabstoßung und in der Tumorprogression, z.B. im Mammakarzinom, eine zentrale Rolle. Der CCL5-Antagonist Met-RANTES inhibiert in Transplantatabstoßungsmodellen die Rekrutierung von Leukozyten. Der akute Entzündungsprozess und der daraus resultierende chronische Gefäßschäden werden so vermindert. Auch in einem Tumormodell ist ein Effekt auf die lokale Tumorprogression wahrscheinlich. Der in dieser Arbeit hergestellte CCL5-Antagonist Met-RANTES(Dimer)-GPI soll eine lokale Therapie ohne systemische Nebenwirkungen ermöglichen. Durch die erstmals beschriebene Bindung eines Chemokins oder Chemokinderivats an einen Glykosylinositolphosphatidyl (GPI)-Anker soll der Antagonist effektiv in die Zellmembranen von Endothelzellen inkorporiert werden, länger auf dem Endothel verbleiben und die benötigte Proteinmenge vermindern. Zunächst wurde durch die Erweiterung des signalgebenden N-Terminus von CCL5 der CCL5-Antagonist Met-RANTES generiert. Ein Aminosäureaustausch erzeugte ein dimerisierendes Molekül, welches einfacher als die zur Polymerisierung neigende Wildform zu isolieren war. Das Protein wurde mit der PCR mit einem GPI-Anker fusioniert und in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO)-Zellen subkloniert. Met-RANTES(Dimer)-GPI wurde erfolgreich aus den CHO-Zellen isoliert und mit der Säulenchromatographie gereinigt. In in vitro-Versuchen wurde Met-RANTES(Dimer)-GPI effektiv in die Oberfläche von humanen Endothelzellen reinkorporiert und hemmte die transendotheliale Migration von Monozyten, welche bei der Transplantat¬abstoßung und bei der Tumorprogression eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Mit Met-RANTES(Dimer)-GPI präperfundierte Transplantate zeigen möglicherweise einen geringeren vaskulären Schaden bei der akuten Transplantatabstoßungsreaktion. Im Tumormodell soll eine Hemmung der Tumorinfiltration durch Monozyten, welche eine beschleunigte Tumorprogression verursachen, erreicht werden. Im Vergleich zu nicht GPI-gebundenen CCL5-Antagonisten würde eine lokale fokussierte Therapie ermöglicht und eine eventuell geringere zu applizierende Proteinmenge bei längerer Verweildauer erzielt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit erlauben zunächst einen genaueren Einblick in die Pathogenese des CTCL. Der Chemokinrezeptor CCR7 wird vor allem von fortgeschrittenen Formen mit lymphatischer Infiltration exprimiert. CCR10 wird erstmals im Zusammenhang mit dem CTCL beschrieben und vor allem von fortgeschrittenen Unterformen exprimiert. Desweiteren wurde ein membranbindender Chemokinantagonist hergestellt. Erstmals wird die Kombination eines Chemokins oder Chemokinderivats mit einem GPI-Anker beschrieben. Der Antagonist erlaubt eine hohe lokale Applikation ohne systemische Zirkulation des Agens. Mögliche Einsatzgebiete sind die gezielte Tumortherapie oder die Behandlung der Transplantatabstoßung

Feasibility of low-dose digital pulsed video-fluoroscopic swallow exams (VFSE): effects on radiation dose and image quality

Background: Fluoroscopy is a frequently used examination in clinical routine without appropriate research evaluation latest hardware and software equipment. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of low-dose pulsed video-fluoroscopic swallowing exams (pVFSE) to reduce dose exposure in patients with swallowing disorders compared to high-resolution radiograph examinations (hrVFSE) serving as standard of reference. Material and Methods: A phantom study (Alderson-Rando Phantom, 60 thermoluminescent dosimeters [TLD]) was performed for dose measurements. Acquisition parameters were as follows: (i) pVFSE: 76.7 kV, 57 mA, 0.9 Cu mm, pulse rate/s 30;(ii) hrVFSE: 68.0 kV, 362 mA, 0.2 Cu mm, pictures 30/s. The dose area product (DAP) indicated by the detector system and the radiation dose derived from the TLD measurements were analyzed. In a patient study, image quality was assessed qualitatively (5-point Likert scale, 5 = hrVFSE;two independent readers) and quantitatively (SNR) in 35 patients who subsequently underwent contrast-enhanced pVFSE and hrVFSE. Results: Phantom measurements showed a dose reduction per picture of factor 25 for pVFSE versus hrVFSE images (0.0025 mGy versus 0.062 mGy). The DAP (mu Gym 2) was 28.0 versus 810.5 (pVFSE versus hrVFSE) for an average examination time of 30 s. Direct and scattered organ doses were significantly lower for pVFSE as compared to hrVFSE (P< 0.05). Image quality was rated 3.9 +/- 0.5 for pVFSE versus the hrVFSE standard;depiction of the contrast agent 4.8 +/- 0.3;noise 3.6 +/- 0.5 (P< 0.05);SNR calculations revealed a relative decreased of 43.9% for pVFSE as compared to hrVFSE. Conclusion: Pulsed VFSE is feasible, providing diagnostic image quality at a significant dose reduction as compared to hrVFSE

A complex pattern of chemokine receptor expression is seen in osteosarcoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor in childhood and adolescence. Patients with primary metastatic disease have a poor prognosis. It is therefore important to better characterize the biology of this tumor to define new prognostic markers or therapeutic targets for tailored therapy. Chemokines and their receptors have been shown to be involved in the development and progression of malignant tumors. They are thought to be active participants in the biology of osteosarcoma. The function of specific chemokines and their receptors is strongly associated with the biological context and microenvironment of their expression. In this report we characterized the expression of a series of chemokine receptors in the complex environment that defines osteosarcoma.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The overall level of chemokine receptor mRNA expression was determined using TaqMan RT-PCR of microdissected archival patient biopsy samples. Expression was then verified at the protein level by immunohistochemistry using a series of receptor specific antibody reagents to elucidate the cellular association of expression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expression at the RNA level was found for most of the tested receptors. CCR1 expression was found on infiltrating mononuclear and polynuclear giant cells in the tumor. Cells associated with the lining of intratumoral vessels were shown to express CCR4. Infiltrating mononuclear cells and tumor cells both showed expression of the receptor CCR5, while CCR7 was predominantly expressed by the mononuclear infiltrate. CCR10 was only very rarely detected in few scattered infiltrating cells.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data elucidate for the first time the cellular context of chemokine receptor expression in osteosarcoma. This is an important issue for better understanding potential chemokine/chemokine receptor function in the complex biologic processes that underlie the development and progression of osteosarcoma. Our data support the suggested involvement of chemokines and their receptors in diverse aspects of the biology of osteosarcoma, but also contradict aspects of previous reports describing the expression of these receptors in this tumor.</p

Multiparametric Functional MRI: A Tool to Uncover Subtle Changes following Allogeneic Renal Transplantation

Purpose To investigate multiparametric functional MRI to characterize acute rejection in a murine allogeneic renal transplant model and evaluate the effect of novel therapeutics. Material and Methods We performed allogeneic and syngeneic orthotopic transplantations (Balb/c to C57Bl/6 and C57Bl/6 to C57Bl/6). Allogeneic Groups (n = 5) were either treated with the anti-CCL2-Spiegelmer (mNOX-E36) in monotherapy or in combination with low doses of Ciclosporin-A (10mg/kgBW/d) for 10 days. Controls received equivalent doses of a non-functional spiegelmer (revmNOX-E36) or low dose Ciclosporin-A. Diffusion-weighted (DWI) and Dynamic-contrast-enhanced (DCE-) MRI-scans were performed using a clinical 3T-scanner. DWI analysis (b-values from 0-800 s/mm(2)) was performed mono-and biexponentially, while DCE-MRI was assessed with deconvolution analysis. Therapy effects were assessed ex vivo with histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with unpaired t-tests and Spearman As correlation coefficient. Results DWI showed a significant diffusion restriction in allogeneic compared to syngeneic transplants (ADC: 0.63 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.29 +/- 0.12 mm(2)/s*10(3)) with decreasing diffusion restriction under therapy. DCE-MRI showed restored organ perfusion under Ciclosporin A alone and combination therapy (Plasma Flow: 43.43 +/- 12.49;38.75 +/- 7.53ml/100ml/min) compared to syngeneic controls (51.03 +/- 12.49ml/100ml/min). Ex vivo analysis showed reduced monocytic infiltrates, attenuated levels of inflammatory cytokines under mNOX-E36 monotherapy with an additive effect of low dose Ciclosporin A. There was a significant (p<0.05) negative correlation between ADC and interstitial inflammation (r = -0.73) or macrophage infiltration (r = -0.81) and between organ perfusion and intimal arteritis (r = -0.63). Conclusion Multiparametric functional MRI is suited to detect renal allograft rejection in an experimental murine model and allows to characterize effects of immunosuppressive therapy alleviating acute rejection processes in allogeneic transplantation

Qualitative and Quantitative Imaging Evaluation of Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes with Grating-based X-ray Phase-contrast CT

Current clinical imaging methods face limitations in the detection and correct characterization of different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), while these are important for therapy and prognosis. The present study evaluates the potential of grating-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (gbPC-CT) for visualization and characterization of human RCC subtypes. The imaging results for 23 ex vivo formalin-fixed human kidney specimens obtained with phase-contrast CT were compared to the results of the absorption-based CT (gbCT), clinical CT and a 3T MRI and validated using histology. Regions of interest were placed on each specimen for quantitative evaluation. Qualitative and quantitative gbPC-CT imaging could significantly discriminate between normal kidney cortex (54 +/- 4 HUp) and clear cell (42 +/- 10), papillary (43 +/- 6) and chromophobe RCCs (39 +/- 7), p < 0.05 respectively. The sensitivity for detection of tumor areas was 100%, 50% and 40% for gbPC-CT, gbCT and clinical CT, respectively. RCC architecture like fibrous strands, pseudocapsules, necrosis or hyalinization was depicted clearly in gbPC-CT and was not equally well visualized in gbCT, clinical CT and MRI. The results show that gbPC-CT enables improved discrimination of normal kidney parenchyma and tumorous tissues as well as different soft-tissue components of RCCs without the use of contrast media

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to assess diffuse renal pathology: a systematic review and statement paper.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is a non-invasive method sensitive to local water motion in the tissue. As a tool to probe the microstructure, including the presence and potentially the degree of renal fibrosis, DWI has the potential to become an effective imaging biomarker. The aim of this review is to discuss the current status of renal DWI in diffuse renal diseases. DWI biomarkers can be classified in the following three main categories: (i) the apparent diffusion coefficient-an overall measure of water diffusion and microcirculation in the tissue; (ii) true diffusion, pseudodiffusion and flowing fraction-providing separate information on diffusion and perfusion or tubular flow; and (iii) fractional anisotropy-measuring the microstructural orientation. An overview of human studies applying renal DWI in diffuse pathologies is given, demonstrating not only the feasibility and intra-study reproducibility of DWI but also highlighting the need for standardization of methods, additional validation and qualification. The current and future role of renal DWI in clinical practice is reviewed, emphasizing its potential as a surrogate and monitoring biomarker for interstitial fibrosis in chronic kidney disease, as well as a surrogate biomarker for the inflammation in acute kidney diseases that may impact patient selection for renal biopsy in acute graft rejection. As part of the international COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) action PARENCHIMA (Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers for Chronic Kidney Disease), aimed at eliminating the barriers to the clinical use of functional renal magnetic resonance imaging, this article provides practical recommendations for future design of clinical studies and the use of renal DWI in clinical practice.EU COST Programm

X-Ray Phase-Contrast Tomography of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate microstructural changes occurring in unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a murine animal model using synchrotron radiation. Material and Methods: The effects of renal ischemia-reperfusion were investigated in a murine animal model of unilateral ischemia. Kidney samples were harvested on day 18. Grating-Based Phase-Contrast Imaging (GB-PCI) of the paraffin-embedded kidney samples was performed at a Synchrotron Radiation Facility (beam energy of 19 keV). To obtain phase information, a two-grating Talbot interferometer was used applying the phase stepping technique. The imaging system provided an effective pixel size of 7.5 mu m. The resulting attenuation and differential phase projections were tomographically reconstructed using filtered back-projection. Semi-automated segmentation and volumetry and correlation to histopathology were performed. Results: GB-PCI provided good discrimination of the cortex, outer and inner medulla in non-ischemic control kidneys. Post-ischemic kidneys showed a reduced compartmental differentiation, particularly of the outer stripe of the outer medulla, which could not be differentiated from the inner stripe. Compared to the contralateral kidney, after ischemia a volume loss was detected, while the inner medulla mainly retained its volume (ratio 0.94). Post-ischemic kidneys exhibited severe tissue damage as evidenced by tubular atrophy and dilatation, moderate inflammatory infiltration, loss of brush borders and tubular protein cylinders. Conclusion: In conclusion GB-PCI with synchrotron radiation allows for non-destructive microstructural assessment of parenchymal kidney disease and vessel architecture. If translation to lab-based approaches generates sufficient density resolution, and with a time-optimized image analysis protocol, GB-PCI may ultimately serve as a non-invasive, non-enhanced alternative for imaging of pathological changes of the kidney

Correction to: Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI.

The article Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI

Correction to: Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI.

The article Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI