Decoupling of wage growth and productivity growth? Myth and reality

It is widely believed that in the US wage growth has fallen massively behind productivity growth. Recently, it has also been suggested that the UK is starting to follow the same path. Analysts point to the much faster growth of GDP per hour than median wages. We distinguish between “net decoupling” – the difference in growth of GDP per hour deflated by the GDP deflator and average compensation deflated by the same index - and “gross decoupling” – the difference in growth of GDP per hour deflated by the GDP deflator and median wages deflated by a measure of consumer price inflation. We would expect that over the long-run real compensation growth deflated by the producer price (the labour costs that employers face) should track real labour productivity growth (value added per hour), so net decoupling should only occur if labour’s share falls as a proportion of gross GDP, something that rarely happens over sustained periods. We show that over the past 40 years that there is almost no net decoupling in the UK, although there is evidence of substantial gross decoupling in the US and, to a lesser extent, in the UK. This difference between gross and net decoupling can be accounted for essentially three factors (i) compensation inequality (which means the average compensation is growing faster than the median compensation), (ii) the wedge between compensation (which includes employer-provided benefits like pensions and health insurance) and wages which do not and (iii) differences in the GDP deflator and the consumer price deflator (i.e. producer wages and consumption wages). These three factors explain basically ALL of the gross decoupling leaving only a small amount of “net decoupling”. The first two factors are important in both countries, whereas the difference in price deflators is only important in the US

Flex cars and competition in ethanol and gasoline retail markets

In Brazil, gasoline and ethanol coexist as automotive fuels and are becoming closer substitutes as flex cars become more widely adopted. We employ this source of variation in a large panel of weekly prices at the station level to show that fuel prices have fallen in response to this change. This finding is evidence of market power in fuel retail and indicates that innovations that increase consumer choice benefit even those who choose not to adopt them. We also propose a model of price competition in this market and use it to estimate demand from price response functions

Quinoxaline, its derivatives and applications: a state of the art review

Quinoxaline derivatives are an important class of heterocycle compounds, where N replaces some carbon atoms in the ring of naphthalene. Its molecular formula is C8H6N2, formed by the fusion of two aromatic rings, benzene and pyrazine. It is rare in natural state, but their synthesis is easy to perform. In this review the State of the Art will be presented, which includes a summary of the progress made over the past years in the knowledge of the structure and mechanism of the quinoxaline and quinoxaline derivatives, associated medical and biomedical value as well as industrial value. Modifying quinoxaline structure it is possible to obtain a wide variety of biomedical applications, namely antimicrobial activities and chronic and metabolic diseases treatment

Bioactivity of Ionic Liquids Based on Valproate in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

This work received financial support from the PT national funds (FCT-MCTES, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through the project UIDB/50006/2020 | UIDP/50006/2020. A.F.M.S. and Ž.P. also acknowledge FCT-MCTES for the PhD grant (SFRH/BD/132551/2017) and Norma Transitória DL 57/2016 program contract, respectivelyThe search for alternative and effective therapies to fight cancer is one of the main goals of the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as potential therapeutic agents with antitumor properties. The goal of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the bioactivity of different ILs coupled with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) valproate (VPA) as an antitumor agent. The toxicity of the prepared ionic liquids was evaluated by the MTT cell metabolic assay in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and human primary Gingival Fibroblast (GF) cell lines, in which they showed inhibitory effects during the study period. In addition, low cytotoxicity against GF cell lines was observed, suggesting that these compounds are not toxic to human cell lines. [C2OHDMiM][VPA] demonstrated an outstanding antitumor activity against SH-SY5Y and lower activity against the non-neoplastic GF line. The herein assessed compounds played an important role in the modulation of the signaling pathways involved in the cellular behavior. This work also highlights the potential of these ILs-API as possible antitumor agentspublishersversionpublishe

Antitumor Activity of Ionic Liquids Based on Ampicillin

Significant antiproliferative effects against various tumor cell lines were observed with novel ampicillin salts as ionic liquids. The combination of anionic ampicillin with appropriate ammonium, imidazolium, phosphonium, and pyridinium cations yielded active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids (API-ILs) that show potent antiproliferative activities against five different human cancer cell lines: T47D (breast), PC3 (prostate), HepG2 (liver), MG63 (osteosarcoma), and RKO (colon). Some API-ILs showed IC50 values between 5 and 42 nm, activities that stand in dramatic contrast to the negligible cytotoxic activity level shown by the ampicillin sodium salt. Moreover, very low cytotoxicity against two primary cell lines—skin (SF) and gingival fibroblasts (GF)—indicates that the majority of these API-ILs are nontoxic to normal human cell lines. The most promising combination of antitumor activity and low toxicity toward healthy cells was observed for the 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium–ampicillin pair ([C2OHMIM][Amp]), making this the most suitable lead API-IL for future studies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The propagation of axisymmetric transverse waves along a thin-walled cylindrical pipe

This work involves the numerical and experimental study of the propagation of axisymmetric waves along a pipe submitted to a sudden and uniformly applied radial force. In an experimental procedure, this kind of loading may result from the detonation of an explosive inside the pipe. Both ends were left open, so that only radial loads could be achieved in the experiment. A value for the axial propagation of the generated transverse wave train was determined and compared with the numerical analysis

Randomized Trial of Machine Perfusion Versus Cold Storage in Recipients of Deceased Donor Kidney Transplants With High Incidence of Delayed Graft Function

Background. This study compared the use of static cold storage versus continuous hypothermic machine perfusion in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients at high risk for delayed graft function (DGF). Methods. In this national, multicenter, and controlled trial, 80 pairs of kidneys recovered from brain-dead deceased donors were randomized to cold storage or machine perfusion, transplanted, and followed up for 12 months. The primary endpoint was the incidence of DGF. Secondary endpoints included the duration of DGF, hospital stay, primary nonfunction, estimated glomerular filtration rate, acute rejection, and allograft and patient survivals. Results. Mean cold ischemia time was high but not different between the 2 groups (25.6 +/- 6.6 hours vs 25.05 +/- 6.3 hours, 0.937). The incidence of DGF was lower in the machine perfusion compared with cold storage group (61% vs. 45%, P = 0.031). Machine perfusion was independently associated with a reduced risk of DGF (odds ratio, 0.4995% confidence interval, 0.26-0.95). Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate tended to be higher at day 28 (40.6 +/- 19.9 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) vs 49.0 +/- 26.9 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)P = 0.262) and 1 year (48.3 +/- 19.8 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) vs 54.4 +/- 28.6 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)P = 0.201) in the machine perfusion group. No differences in the incidence of acute rejection, primary nonfunction (0% vs 2.5%), graft loss (7.5% vs 10%), or death (8.8% vs 6.3%) were observed. Conclusions. In this cohort of recipients of deceased donor kidneys with high mean cold ischemia time and high incidence of DGF, the use of continuous machine perfusion was associated with a reduced risk of DGF compared with the traditional cold storage preservation method.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Hosp Rim, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilEscola Paulista Med, Org Procura Orgaos, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Hosp Clin, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Kidney Transplant Unit, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Samaritano, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilSanta Casa Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Bandeirantes, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Servidor Publ Estadual, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Beneficencia Portuguesa, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Dante Pazzanese, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Base Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Dept Internal Med, Rubiao Jr S-N, Sao Paulo, BrazilSanta Casa Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP, BrazilHosp Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Santa Marcelina, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Hosp Rim, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilEscola Paulista Med, Org Procura Orgaos, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc