Chloride catalysis in some reductions by stannous ion

The rates of reduction of methyl orange by stannous ion and of reduction of ferricinium ion by stannous ion were measured spectrophotometrically at 25°C in perchloric acid-hydrochloric acid solutions of ionic strength 2.0. The methyl orange reduction rate were found to agree with the rate expression, Equation (36). The rate of reduction of ferricinium Rate=11250M.O. Sn+2 Cl-3 36 ion was found to agree with the rate expressions, Equation (37). Rate=24.5Fe C5H5+ 2Sn+2 Cl-4 37 By factoring the rate expression into two bimolecular parts the slow step may be interpreted as an electron-transfer between various complex ions;The methyl orange reduction is postulated as an electron-transfer between the SnCl3- ion and the protonated azo group. The ferricinium reduction rate is explained by a postulated electron-transfer between the SnCl3- ion and a ferricinium chloride complex, Fe(C5H5)2Cl. Spectroscopic evidence was obtained confirming the presence of small equilibrium amounts of the postulated ferricinium chloride complex in solution;The presence of an additional chloride ion in the transition state of the ferricinium ion reduction suggests that the iron atom is effectively shielded by the cyclopentadienyl rings toward electron-transfer, and that the chloride bridge is a much more efficient electron-transfer path

The construction and evaluation of an instrument to determine the sports knowledge of boys from grades five through eight

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Chave para identificação de mamíferos da região amazônica brasileira com exceção dos quirópteros e primatas

Apresenta-se uma chave para identificar os mamíferos encontrados na região amazônica brasileira, excluídos os morcegos e macacos. Esta chave utiliza quantidade mínima de termos técnicos e poderá ser usada tanto por pessoas sem conhecimentos básicos, como também, por conhecedores de mastozoologia. São relacionadas 107 espécies de mamíferos compreendendo: 17 marsupiais, 16 edentatos, 1 lagomorfo, 41 roedores, 2 cetáceos, 20 carnívoros, 2 sirênios, 1 perissodáctilo e 7 artiodáctilos. Esta chave será especialmente útil para identificar mamíferos coletados em levantamentos da fauna e em estudos epidemiológicos.A key to the mammals, other than bats and monkeys, believed to be found in the Brazilian Amazon Region is presented. This key uses a minimum number of technical terms, and is intended to be used by persons untrained in mammalogy as well as by mammalogists. It includes 107 species: 17 marsupials, 16 edentates, 1 lagomorph, 41 rodents, 2 cetaceans, 20 carnivores, 2 sirenians, 1 perissodactyl and 7 artiodactyls. It should be of special use in identifying mammals collected in faunal surveys and in epidemiological studies

Biotechnology and Economic Development: The Economic Benefits of Maize Streak Virus Tolerant Maize in Kenya

For countries that could not benefit from the Green Revolution due to heterogeneous and unfavorable biophysical environments, agricultural biotechnology potentially provides a means of improving the quality and quantity of agricultural production. This paper analyses some of the major issues relating to the utilization of biotechnology in Kenya. A partial equilibrium trade model is applied to Kenya's corn market to study the potential of genetically modified maize that is tolerant to the Maize Streak Virus. The model accounts for home production and consumption; the positive results of the welfare estimation are disaggregated between consumers, large and small Kenyan corn farms.Community/Rural/Urban Development, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Does Corporate Law Matter? Legal Capital Restrictions on Stock Distributions

This paper consists of five sections, including this introduction. The background section of this article consists of several parts. First, we provide an historical overview of the legal capital doctrines restricting dividends. Second, we briefly summarize and illustrate six basic types of state statutory restrictions on dividends and other distributions to shareholders. Third, we examine the criticisms of legal capital that has led many states to abandon the use of concepts like stated capital and surplus to restrict financial distributions to shareholders. Fourth, a discussion of the generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ) and mechanics of legal capital and stock distributions is provided for the benefit of readers not already familiar with this topic. Fifth, we examine prior research that suggests the market value of a firm increases when it announces a stock distribution, i.e., the announcement of a stock split or dividend increases the common stock price. This research suggests that shareholder reaction to stock distribution announcements stems from the information that the stock distribution decision conveys about the firm’s future earnings potential and other fundamentally important information. In the data and method section, we test the hypothesis that if stock distribution announcements increase share prices, then the choice between stock split and stock dividend accounting treatment may also have an effect on share prices. We correct for specific flaws found in the research design of other empirical studies and present the results in the fourth section of this article. Our tests of the empirical evidence support the hypothesis that investors react more positively to the announcement of a large stock dividend than a stock split. In addition, market response is more pronounced when managers are constrained by the combination of legal capital doctrines restricting cash distributions to shareholders and the method used to account for large stock distributions. In the final section of this article, we conclude, based on the results of our empirical tests, that statutory dividend restrictions based on legal capital enhance management’s ability to use stock distributions to communicate with shareholders. This suggests that the critics of legal capital may have been too harsh and that state legislatures may be acting too hastily in replacing legal capital doctrines with other types of statutory restrictions on dividends

El papel del Air Weather Service en las investigaciones espaciales

Conferencia pronunciada en Madrid el día 19 de junio de 1962 dentro del primer ciclo de conferencias organizado por el Instituto Nacional de Meteorología

Time-averaged aerodynamic loads on the vane sets of the 40- by 80-foot and 80- by 120-foot wind tunnel complex

Time-averaged aerodynamic loads are estimated for each of the vane sets in the National Full-Scale Aerodynamic Complex (NFAC). The methods used to compute global and local loads are presented. Experimental inputs used to calculate these loads are based primarily on data obtained from tests conducted in the NFAC 1/10-Scale Vane-Set Test Facility and from tests conducted in the NFAC 1/50-Scale Facility. For those vane sets located directly downstream of either the 40- by 80-ft test section or the 80- by 120-ft test section, aerodynamic loads caused by the impingement of model-generated wake vortices and model-generated jet and propeller wakes are also estimated

Diet Composition and Effects of Food Resources on Population Dynamics of the Eastern Newt at Kingfisher Pond: A Long-Term Study

Undergraduate Basi