Analysis of splicing patterns by pyrosequencing

Several different mRNAs can be produced from a given pre-mRNA by regulated alternative splicing, or as the result of deregulations that may lead to pathological states. Analysing splicing patterns is therefore of importance to describe and understand developmental programs, cellular responses to internal or external cues, or human diseases. We describe here a method, Pyrosequencing Analysis of Splicing Patterns (PASP), that combines RT–PCR and pyrosequencing of PCR products. We demonstrated that: (i) Ratios of two pure RNAs mixed in various proportions were accurately measured by PASP; (ii) PASP can be adapted to virtually any splicing event, including mutually exclusive exons, complex patterns of exon skipping or inclusion, and alternative 3′ terminal exons; (iii) In extracts from different organs, the proportions of RNA isoforms measured by PASP reflected those measured by other methods. The PASP method is therefore reliable for analysing splicing patterns. All steps are done in 96-wells microplates, without gel electrophoresis, opening the way to high-throughput comparisons of RNA from several sources

Ptbp1 and Exosc9 knockdowns trigger skin stability defects through different pathways

AbstractIn humans, genetic diseases affecting skin integrity (genodermatoses) are generally caused by mutations in a small number of genes that encode structural components of the dermal–epidermal junctions. In this article, we first show that inactivation of both exosc9, which encodes a component of the RNA exosome, and ptbp1, which encodes an RNA-binding protein abundant in Xenopus embryonic skin, impairs embryonic Xenopus skin development, with the appearance of dorsal blisters along the anterior part of the fin. However, histological and electron microscopy analyses revealed that the two phenotypes are distinct. Exosc9 morphants are characterized by an increase in the apical surface of the goblet cells, loss of adhesion between the sensorial and peridermal layers, and a decrease in the number of ciliated cells within the blisters. Ptbp1 morphants are characterized by an altered goblet cell morphology. Gene expression profiling by deep RNA sequencing showed that the expression of epidermal and genodermatosis-related genes is also differentially affected in the two morphants, indicating that alterations in post-transcriptional regulations can lead to skin developmental defects through different routes. Therefore, the developing larval epidermis of Xenopus will prove to be a useful model for dissecting the post-transcriptional regulatory network involved in skin development and stability with significant implications for human diseases

Étude des protéines de liaison à l'ARN des familles PTB et ARE-BP au cours du développement chez le xénope

My work has focused on the function of RNA binding-proteins during early development in Xenopus. I first documented the expression pattern of members of the AU-rich element binding protein (ARE-BP) and of the polypyrimidin tract binding protein (PTB) families during development. Study of the expression patterns of five members of the ARE-BP family (AUF1, KSRP, HuR, TIA1 and TTP) has underlined the broad role and the redundancy of expression of four of these proteins. Conversely, the highly specific expression pattern of TTP in macrophages suggests a potential function for this ARE-BP in hematopoietic development. My study of the PTB family (PTBP1, PTBP2 and PTBP3), has showed that each paralog presents a unique pattern of expression emphasizing their diverse functions during development. From previous work in the lab we knew that morpholino mediated knockdown of both PTBP1 and EXOSC9, a component of the RNA exosome, generated similar defects in the dorsal fin morphology. To identify the molecular origin of these defects we realized the transcriptome analysis by high throughput sequencing (RNA-Seq) of both morphants embryos. I produced cDNA libraries of control and morphant embryos and the sequencing was performed at the Genoscope. Analysis of a known PTBP1 target showed that even modest modifications of alternative splicing could be detected in our data sets. In addition, because these defects are not found in the EXOSC9 morphants it validated its use as an additional screen to exclude splicing events not involved in the epidermal defects. Identification of RNA whose deregulation may be involved in the fin phenotype is currently under study for a set of candidate genes.Mes travaux ont porté sur l'étude de deux familles de protéines de liaison à l'ARN, la famille des ARE-BP (AU-rich elements binding protein) et la famille des PTB (Polypyrimidine tract binding protein) au cours du développement chez le xénope. L'étude de l'expression de cinq membres de la famille ARE-BP a mis en évidence une redondance d'expression tissulaire et temporelle entre quatre de ces ARE-BP (AUF1, KSRP, HuR et TIA1). A l'inverse, l'expression atypique de TTP a permis de suggérer son implication dans l'hématopoïèse. Mes travaux sur la famille PTB (PTBP1, PTBP2, PTBP3) ont montré que chacun des paralogues présente une expression spécifique ce qui suggère qu'elles aient des fonctions différentes lors du développement. Des résultats du laboratoire montraient que l'inactivation de PTBP1 ou de EXOSC9, un composant de l'exosome ARN, entraînait des défauts de morphogenèse de l'épiderme dorsal. Afin d'identifier l'origine moléculaire de ces défauts, j'ai réalisé l'analyse transcriptomique par séquençage à haut débit (RNA-Seq) des morphants PTBP1 et EXOSC9. J'ai produit des banques d'ADNc à partir des morphants ou d'embryons témoins et celles-ci ont été séquencées au Génoscope. L'analyse d'une cible connue de PTBP1 a montré que des modifications minoritaires de l'épissage étaient détectées à partir de ces données. De plus ces défauts d'épissage ne sont pas retrouvés dans les morphants EXOSC9, validant son utilisation comme crible additionnel permettant d'exclure les évènements d'épissage qui ne sont pas impliqués dans le défaut d'épiderme. Une approche gène candidat a été initiée afin de cibler l'analyse de transcrits impliqués dans la morphogenèse de l'épiderme dorsale

Expression analysis of the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTBP1) and its paralogs PTBP2 and PTBP3 during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis.

International audienceThe PTB (polypyrimidine tract binding protein) family of RNA-binding proteins plays a critical role in development through the regulation of post-transcriptional events. We have determined expression patterns of the three members of this gene family ptbp1, ptbp2 and ptbp3 during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis using whole-mount in situ hybridization. Our results show that each paralog presents a unique pattern of expression. ptbp1 is the prevalent maternal mRNA and is differentially expressed in the three germ layers. Later in development, it is widely expressed in the embryo including the epidermis, the dermatome, the intermediate mesoderm, the lateral plate mesoderm and the neural crest. ptbp2 expression is restricted to the nervous system including the brain, the neural retina and the spinal cord and the intermediate mesoderm. In addition to being expressed in erythroid precursors, ptbp3 is present in specific subdomains of the brain and the spinal cord, as well as in the posterior part of the notochord, suggesting it may play a role in the patterning of the nervous system. In the eye, each of the three genes is expressed in a specific structure which emphasizes their non-redundant function during development. Strickingly, our experiments also revealed that none of the three paralogs was expressed in the myotome, suggesting that the absence of PTB activity is a key determinant to display myotomal splicing patterns

Étude des protéines de liaison à l'ARN des familles PTB et ARE-BP au cours du développement chez le xénope

Mes travaux ont porté sur l'étude de deux familles de protéines de liaison à l'ARN, la famille des ARE-BP (AU-rich elements binding protein) et la famille des PTB (Polypyrimidine tract binding protein) au cours du développement chez le xénope. L'étude de l'expression de cinq membres de la famille ARE-BP a mis en évidence une redondance d'expression tissulaire et temporelle entre quatre de ces ARE-BP (AUF1, KSRP, HuR et TIA1). A l'inverse, l'expression atypique de TTP a permis de suggérer son implication dans l'hématopoïèse. Mes travaux sur la famille PTB (PTBP1, PTBP2, PTBP3) ont montré que chacun des paralogues présente une expression spécifique ce qui suggère qu'elles aient des fonctions différentes lors du développement. Des résultats du laboratoire montraient que l'inactivation de PTBP1 ou de EXOSC9, un composant de l'exosome ARN, entraînait des défauts de morphogenèse de l'épiderme dorsal. Afin d'identifier l'origine moléculaire de ces défauts, j'ai réalisé l'analyse transcriptomique par séquençage à haut débit (RNA-Seq) des morphants PTBP1 et EXOSC9. J'ai produit des banques d'ADNc à partir des morphants ou d'embryons témoins et celles-ci ont été séquencées au Génoscope. L'analyse d'une cible connue de PTBP1 a montré que des modifications minoritaires de l'épissage étaient détectées à partir de ces données. De plus ces défauts d'épissage ne sont pas retrouvés dans les morphants EXOSC9, validant son utilisation comme crible additionnel permettant d'exclure les évènements d'épissage qui ne sont pas impliqués dans le défaut d'épiderme. Une approche gène candidat a été initiée afin de cibler l'analyse de transcrits impliqués dans la morphogenèse de l'épiderme dorsale.My work has focused on the function of RNA binding-proteins during early development in Xenopus. I first documented the expression pattern of members of the AU-rich element binding protein (ARE-BP) and of the polypyrimidin tract binding protein (PTB) families during development. Study of the expression patterns of five members of the ARE-BP family (AUF1, KSRP, HuR, TIA1 and TTP) has underlined the broad role and the redundancy of expression of four of these proteins. Conversely, the highly specific expression pattern of TTP in macrophages suggests a potential function for this ARE-BP in hematopoietic development. My study of the PTB family (PTBP1, PTBP2 and PTBP3), has showed that each paralog presents a unique pattern of expression emphasizing their diverse functions during development. From previous work in the lab we knew that morpholino mediated knockdown of both PTBP1 and EXOSC9, a component of the RNA exosome, generated similar defects in the dorsal fin morphology. To identify the molecular origin of these defects we realized the transcriptome analysis by high throughput sequencing (RNA-Seq) of both morphants embryos. I produced cDNA libraries of control and morphant embryos and the sequencing was performed at the Genoscope. Analysis of a known PTBP1 target showed that even modest modifications of alternative splicing could be detected in our data sets. In addition, because these defects are not found in the EXOSC9 morphants it validated its use as an additional screen to exclude splicing events not involved in the epidermal defects. Identification of RNA whose deregulation may be involved in the fin phenotype is currently under study for a set of candidate genes.RENNES1-BU Sciences Philo (352382102) / SudocSudocFranceF

zfp36 expression delineates both myeloid cells and cells localized to the fusing neural folds in Xenopus tropicalis

International audienceRegulatory RNA binding proteins allow for specific control of gene expression in a very dynamic manner. In mammals ZFP36, formerly known as Tristetraprolin, controls the inflammatory response by binding to an AU-rich element located in the 3' untranslated region of its target mRNAs. The developping embryo relies on a population of primitive macrophages to ensure proper immunity. Although the role of zfp36 in adult immunity has been extensively studied, its expression in the developing immune system has been poorly documented. Here, we have used whole mount in situ hybridization with a 3' UTR specific probe to address the expression of zfp36 in developing Xenopus tropicalis embryos. We have shown that zfp36 is expressed in two distinct cellular populations. First, it is a new marker of primititive myeloid cells, being coexpressed with the myeloid marker mpo. Therefore this early expression may suggest a role for zfp36 in macrophage differentiation and activation. In addition, a second cell population was found to transiently express zfp36, but not mpo, along the fusing neural folds and may correspond to cells undergoing autophagy during neural tube closur

Robust identification of Ptbp1-dependent splicing events by a junction-centric approach in Xenopus laevis

International audienc

Impact of the first wave of COVID-19 epidemy on the surgical management of sigmoid diverticular disease in France: National French retrospective study

International audienceObjective: To analyze the surgical management of sigmoid diverticular disease (SDD) before, during, and after the first containment rules (CR) for the first wave of COVID-19.Methods: From the French Surgical Association multicenter series, this study included all patients operated on between January 2018 and September 2021. Three groups were compared: A (before CR period: 01/01/18-03/16/20), B (CR period: 03/17/20-05/03/20), and C (post CR period: 05/04/20-09/30/21).Results: A total of 1965 patients (A n = 1517, B n = 52, C n = 396) were included. The A group had significantly more previous SDD compared to the two other groups (p = 0.007), especially complicated (p = 0.0004). The rate of peritonitis was significantly higher in the B (46.1%) and C (38.4%) groups compared to the A group (31.7%) (p = 0.034 and p = 0.014). As regards surgical treatment, Hartmann's procedure was more often performed in the B group (44.2%, vs A 25.5% and C 26.8%, p = 0.01). Mortality at 90 days was significantly higher in the B group (9.6%, vs A 4% and C 6.3%, p = 0.034). This difference was also significant between the A and B groups (p = 0.048), as well as between the A and C groups (p = 0.05). There was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of postoperative morbidity.Conclusion: This study shows that the management of SDD was impacted by COVID-19 at CR, but also after and until September 2021, both on the initial clinical presentation and on postoperative mortality