19 research outputs found

    New Jurassic amber outcrops from Lebanon

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    International audienceAmber predating the Lower Cretaceous is extremely rare. During the past two decades, records of discoveries of amber sites have increased considerably worldwide. We report herein the discovery of ten new outcrops of amber from the Late Jurassic in Lebanon, in addition to other nine outcrops described by Azar et al. (2010). Some of these outcrops gave large centimetric sized amber pieces. Each of these new amber outcrops is described, and its infrared spectrum is given. Though the Jurassic amber yielded to date no more than some fungal inclusions, this discovery is significant and promising especially in the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment

    Upper Cretaceous amber from Vendée, north-western France:Age dating and geological, chemical, and palaeontological characteristics

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    International audienceThe Upper Cretaceous lignite deposits of La Garnache, Vendée (western France), consist of two lignitic clay series, Garnache 1 and Garnache 2, separated by a fault. The first series cropped out to the south of the fault during road works until 2002 but is now covered by an embankment. It has provided numerous pieces of amber containing arthropod and microorganism inclusions. The second lignitic series, exposed to the north of the fault, is rich in fossil wood but devoid of amber. Palynological analysis of Garnache 1 revealed several Normapolles species belonging to the genera Atlantopollis, Complexiopollis, Osculapollis, Plicapollis and Trudopollis, but larger forms typical of Senonian deposits are absent. By contrast, Garnache 2 proved to be dominated taxonomically and numerically by spores (Appendicisporites, Camarozonosporites, Gleicheniidites, Patellasporites, Stereisporites), associated with a few gymnosperm (Cerebropollenites, Phyllocladidites, Classopollis) and angiosperm (Liliacidites, Retitricolpites and a single specimen of the Normapolles Complexiopollis) taxa. Garnache 1 is, therefore, younger than Garnache 2, the latter being clearly Cenomanian in age whereas Garnache 1 is more likely to be Turonian. Lignitic clay of Garnache 1 contains numerous translucent, orange to red, pieces of amber. Vendean amber is rich in aquatic arthropods, such as tanaids and epicarideans (Crustacea), as well as marine or brackish siliceous microorganisms such as diatoms and sponge spicules. These aquatic inclusions indicate that resin-producing trees grew along and close to the seashore. The amber-bearing clay was deposited in a calm, estuarine or lagoonal, muddy environment

    Résines végétales actuelles et fossiles: origine, caractérisation chimique et évolution

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    No abstractLes travaux de cette thĂšse portent sur la caractĂ©risation chimique des ambresprovenant de plusieurs gisements d’ñges et d’origines gĂ©ographiques variĂ©s, dont certains sontinĂ©dits. Des protocoles identiques Ă  tous les Ă©chantillons et combinant les analysesspectroscopiques (IR et RMN 13C) et chromatographiques (THM-CPG-SM) ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©s,permettant d’identifier l’origine botanique des ambres et fournissant des indices pour lareconstitution des palĂ©oenvironnements terrestres.La caractĂ©risation chimique des gisements d’ambre du Jurassique supĂ©rieur(KimmĂ©ridgien) jusqu’au CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur (Santonien) du Liban, de Jordanie, du Congo,d’Equateur et de France, permet de proposer des biomarqueurs pour les rĂ©sines deCheirolepidiaceae, une famille exclusivement mĂ©sozoĂŻque de ConifĂšres. Une Ă©volution dessources botaniques des rĂ©sines produites durant le MĂ©sozoĂŻque et le CĂ©nozoĂŻque est alorsdiscutĂ©e. Une production dominĂ©e par les familles de ConifĂšres Araucariaceae etCheirolepidiaceae est remarquĂ©e au Jurassique supĂ©rieur et CrĂ©tacĂ© infĂ©rieur. La productionau CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur est plutĂŽt dominĂ©e par des Cupressaceae. Au CĂ©nozoĂŻque, les originesbotaniques des ambres sont plus variĂ©es, et des familles d’Angiospermes sont Ă  l’origine denombreux gisements, dont l’ambre du PĂ©rou produit par une Fabaceae. La production par desConifĂšres reste toutefois importante au Tertiaire, Ă  l’exemple des ambres de Nouvelle-ZĂ©lande qui ont pour origine les Araucariaceae.Les donnĂ©es obtenues ont permis une rĂ©-Ă©valuation de la classification des ambres parPy-GC-MS. Ainsi, une nouvelle molĂ©cule dont la structure est inconnue encore, a Ă©tĂ©identifiĂ©e dans les chromatogrammes d’ambres de classe Ib et Ic, ajoutant un caractĂšrediscriminant entre ces deux sous-classes.Enfin, la relation Ăąge / maturation des rĂ©sines fossiles est discutĂ©e, qui dĂ©pend avanttout des conditions d’enfouissement des rĂ©sines.Une large base de donnĂ©es molĂ©culaires est ainsi Ă©tablie pour un grand nombre degisements d’ñges et d’origines botaniques variĂ©s, qui permettra une comparaison globale dansles travaux futurs

    Recent and fossil plant resins : origin, chemical characterization and evolution

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    Les travaux de cette thĂšse portent sur la caractĂ©risation chimique des ambres provenant de plusieurs gisements d’ñges et d’origines gĂ©ographiques variĂ©s, dont certains sont inĂ©dits. Des protocoles identiques Ă  tous les Ă©chantillons et combinant les analyses spectroscopiques (IR et RMN 13C) et chromatographiques (THM-CPG-SM) ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©s, permettant d’identifier l’origine botanique des ambres et fournissant des indices pour la reconstitution des palĂ©oenvironnements terrestres. La caractĂ©risation chimique des gisements d’ambre du Jurassique supĂ©rieur (KimmĂ©ridgien) jusqu’au CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur (Santonien) du Liban, de Jordanie, du Congo, d’Equateur et de France, permet de proposer des biomarqueurs pour les rĂ©sines de Cheirolepidiaceae, une famille exclusivement mĂ©sozoĂŻque de ConifĂšres. Une Ă©volution des sources botaniques des rĂ©sines produites durant le MĂ©sozoĂŻque et le CĂ©nozoĂŻque est alors discutĂ©e. Une production dominĂ©e par les familles de ConifĂšres Araucariaceae et Cheirolepidiaceae est remarquĂ©e au Jurassique supĂ©rieur et CrĂ©tacĂ© infĂ©rieur. La production au CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur est plutĂŽt dominĂ©e par des Cupressaceae. Au CĂ©nozoĂŻque, les origines botaniques des ambres sont plus variĂ©es, et des familles d’Angiospermes sont Ă  l’origine de nombreux gisements, dont l’ambre du PĂ©rou produit par une Fabaceae. La production par des ConifĂšres reste toutefois importante au Tertiaire, Ă  l’exemple des ambres de Nouvelle-ZĂ©lande qui ont pour origine les Araucariaceae. Les donnĂ©es obtenues ont permis une rĂ©-Ă©valuation de la classification des ambres par Py-GC-MS. Ainsi, une nouvelle molĂ©cule dont la structure est inconnue encore, a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e dans les chromatogrammes d’ambres de classe Ib et Ic, ajoutant un caractĂšre discriminant entre ces deux sous-classes. Enfin, la relation Ăąge / maturation des rĂ©sines fossiles est discutĂ©e, qui dĂ©pend avant tout des conditions d’enfouissement des rĂ©sines. Une large base de donnĂ©es molĂ©culaires est ainsi Ă©tablie pour un grand nombre de gisements d’ñges et d’origines botaniques variĂ©s, qui permettra une comparaison globale dans les travaux futurs.This work focuses on the chemical characterisation of amber from different outcrops from different localities, and varied ages. Some of these outcrops had never been studied. All the amber samples were analysed with the same analytical techniques. The combination of the data obtained from spectroscopic (IR and 13C NMR) and chromatographic (THM-GC-MS) analysis allows the identification of the botanical origin of the amber and provide some information, for the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment. Biomarkers for the cheirolepidiaceous resins were proposed based on the chemical characterisation of different amber outcrops dating from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) to the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) from Lebanon, Jordan, Congo, Ecuador and France. The Cheirolepidiaceae familt was exclusively present in the Mesozoic era. Hence, the evolution of the botanical origins of the produced resins during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras was discussed. It seems that Araucariaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae were the dominant resin producing trees during the Upper Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous. While, cupressaceous resiniferous plants were dominant during the Upper Cretaceous. Howerver, resins dating from the Cenozoic era, were produced by a wider variety of plants, as resiniferous families of Angiosperm intensively participated in the resin production, i.e. the Peruvian amber produced by Fabaceae. Conifer resins traces were also detected in the Tertiary, such as the amber from the Araucariaceae found in New Zealand. The obtained data allowed a re-evaluation of the classification of ambers by Py-GC-MS, leading to the discovery of a novel molecule. This molecule of an unknown structure brings a new discrimination factor between the classes Ib and Ic. Finally, the age / maturity relationship is showed to be dependent on the burial and the conservation conditions of the resins. A broad molecular database is established based a large group of amber outcrops from different ages, and having diverse botanical origins. This database could be used as a comparative platform for further work in the future

    Deciphering the biomarkers of amber as a tool for the reconstruction of Mesozoic forest environments

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    International audienceThe Cheirolepidiaceae is an extinct family of conifers which was very common in the Mesozoicera (-252 to -66 Ma), and was likely a major contributor to lignite and coal formation. Thedifferentiation of cheirolepids from other conifer families is pivotal to reconstructing theterrestrial paleoenvironments. This should be possible through the chemical characterization ofamber, the polymerized fossil form of tree resins that consist of a complex mixture of terpenoidsand is often found associated with lignite and coal. As an extinct family, however, theCheirolepidiaceae has no modern relatives which could permit the direct assessment of specificbiomarkers, as is the case with extant families. Here we propose a cheirolepidiaceous'fingerprint', based on the TC-GC/MS analysis of 25 samples of various Cretaceous amber fromFrance and Lebanon, and their comparison to a Triassic Italian and a Cretaceous Spanish ambersthat almost certainly originated from a cheirolepid based on the associated plant fossils. Thus thepresence, simultaneously, of callitrisate, phenolic diterpenes, labdanoic acids, and their respectivederivatives, is considered indicative of a cheirolepidiaceous resin. The differentiation of thebotanical sources of amber might allow for a refined evaluation of the resin production throughgeological times and, along with the biological inclusions fossilized in amber, a more accuratereconstruction of Mesozoic forest environments

    Lebanese Jurassic versus Cretaceous amber: Chemical characterization

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    International audienceAbout 400 different amber outcrops have been found in Lebanon, which are dated as Early Cretaceous ("Neocomian", about 140-120 Ma).Lebanese Cretaceous amber is recognized as being one of the most fossiliferous in the world, with a large variety of arthropods (insects, arachnids) and botanical remains found preserved in the fossilized tree resin [1]. These fossils provide information on a vanished ecosystem that existed at the time of the resin secretion by a certain botanical family. Plant remains found in some amber pieces are assignable to two potential families of conifers, the still extant Araucariaceae and the exclusively extinct Cheirolepidiaceae. More recently, we added 19 further amber outcrops which we dated as Late Jurassic (Basaltic Kimmeridgian age circa 150 Ma), and in which we found fungal inclusions but no plant or insect inclusions to date [2, 3]. The high number of outcrops and the different ages are a great potential to reconstruct the evolution of past forest environments. But biological inclusions are not sufficient and the chemical characterization of amber itself allows us to shed light on the potential tree source of the resins through different chemical biomarkers which are characteristic of different families of plants. A more complete reconstruction of these ancient ecosystems is thus possible by combining the chemical and biological studies. To investigate the respective botanical sources of Cretaceous and Jurassic Lebanese ambers, we conducted a comparative chemical characterization using both Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (Py-GC-MS) analyses. The latter reveals that both Jurassic and Cretaceous ambers belong in the Class Ib amber (a classification based on Polylabdanoides skeleton) along with a potential presence of Abietane and Pimarane skeleton. The FTIR analysis, shows a high resemblance between both ambers which present some affinities with modern resins of the conifer families Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae, though the extinct family Cheirolepidiaceae cannot be excluded as a potential source. Finally these results suggest a rather stable forest paleoenvironment in Lebanon during these two geological ages, as both Cretaceous and Jurassic ambers have probably the same botanical origin

    Chemical Characterization and Botanical Origin of French Ambers

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    International audienceThe molecular composition of 10 Cretaceous andone Eocene ambers from France was analyzed by infraredspectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and thermochemolysis gas chromatography−massspectrometry. The terpenoids identified in the samples wereused as biomarkers for the botanical origin of the resins. TheCretaceous samples, comprising the so-called Alpine, Anjou,Charentese, Provence, Pyrenean, and Vendean ambers, rangedfrom the Albian−Cenomanian transition to the early Santonian(100 to 85 Ma) and correspond to class Ib resins typical ofconifers. The extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae wasproposed as the plant source of Pyrenean and brown Charenteseambers. Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae were the plant sourcesof the Cenomanian Alpine, Anjou, and yellow Charentese ambers.The Santonian ambers of Provence and Vendée were found to derive from the Cupressaceae. The Eocene Oise amber (ca. 53Ma) is a class Ic resin typical of angiosperms and was produced by a Fabaceae. The evolution of resin sources from the earlyCretaceous to the Eocene periods is discussed. Finally, a possible fingerprint hitherto unveiled is proposed for cheirolepidiaceousresins, defined by the simultaneous presence of phenolic diterpenoids, labdanoic acids, callitrisate structures, and their respectivederivatives

    GĂ©ologie et palĂ©ontologie de l’ambre du Congo, le premierambre crĂ©tacĂ© fossilifĂšre d’Afrique

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    National audienceL’ambre est une formidable source de donnĂ©es pour la reconstitution des Ă©cosystĂšmesterrestres anciens, mais sa distribution gĂ©ographique et stratigraphique demeurelacunaire. En Afrique, l’ambre est relativement rare et le plus souvent dĂ©pourvud’inclusions organiques fossiles. Le premier ambre crĂ©tacĂ© fossilifĂšre africain,dĂ©couvert rĂ©cemment dans la chaine du Mayombe, en RĂ©publique du Congo, estprĂ©sentĂ© ici.L’ambre s’est accumulĂ© avec des dĂ©bris vĂ©gĂ©taux dans le terme argilo-dolomitique quiconstitue la partie supĂ©rieure de la Formation ChĂ©la (un Ă©quivalent du membre Vembode la Formation Gamba du Gabon) et datĂ© de l’Aptien moyen par l’étude de soncontenu micropalĂ©ontologique (palynomorphes et ostracodes). La caractĂ©risation del’ambre par thermochimiolyse couplĂ©e Ă  la spectromĂ©trie de masse (THM-GC-MS)indique une rĂ©sine de classe Ib typique des gymnospermes, et plus particuliĂšrement desfamilles de conifĂšres Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae, etCheirolepidiaceae. Les bois fossilisĂ©s trouvĂ©s avec l’ambre sont attribuables aux genresAgathoxylon et Brachyoxylon, tandis que les gen- res Araucariacites et Classopollis(ce dernier abondant) sont prĂ©sents parmi les palynomorphes, suggĂ©rant uneAraucariaceae ou une Cheirolepidiaceae comme plante source de la rĂ©sine.L’ambre du Congo se prĂ©sente majoritairement sous la forme de galets de couleur rougesombre, peu translucides. La prospection et l’étude d’inclusions fossiles, rĂ©alisĂ©es aumoyen de la microscopie standard et de l’imagerie synchrotron, ont permis ladĂ©couverte d’une faune diversifiĂ©e d’arachnides (Acari: Gustavioidea, Anystoidea;Araneae), d’insectes (Hyme- noptera: Evaniidae, Platygastroidea; Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae; Psocoptera: Trogiomorpha; Diptera: Chironomidae), ainsi que denombreux dĂ©bris vĂ©gĂ©taux, fongiques, et bactĂ©riens. Certaines de ces inclusions et laforme en galet des morceaux d’ambre suggĂšrent un piĂ©geage dans la rĂ©sineprĂ©fĂ©rentiellement au niveau du sol.Les Ă©tudes sĂ©dimentologiques et taphonomiques indiquent un dĂ©pĂŽt de l’ambre et desdĂ©bris vĂ©gĂ©taux en milieu lacustre, dans un bassin interne connectĂ© Ă©pisodiquement Ă l’ocĂ©an, et sous un palĂ©oclimat chaud avec une saisonnalitĂ© marquĂ©e
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