Types of family farm association in the rural development of Argentina in recent decades (1990-2014)

El asociativismo en el medio rural ha sido destacado históricamente como un factor que contribuyó al desarrollo de los pequeños y medianos productores agropecuarios. Desde la década de 1990 hasta la actualidad se observa una intensificación del pluralismo asociativo argentino en favor de los sectores de la agricultura familiar, con el surgimiento de cientos de nuevas asociaciones autogeneradas o promovidas por programas de desarrollo rural públicos y privados, y que a pesar de caracterizarse por la actividad cooperativa de sus integrantes no han adoptado esa forma jurídica tradicional. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en delimitar una serie de nociones que permitan delimitar ese vasto y diversificado universo de asociaciones que identificamos como Asociaciones Económicas de la Agricultura Familiar (AEAF), construyendo, para ello, una serie de tipos ideales con el fin de proponer una herramienta para el abordaje empírico de su estudio en diferentes realidades locales, nacionales y regionales.Les associations dans le milieu rural se sont imposées historiquement comme facteur ayant contribué au développement des petits et moyens agriculteurs et éleveurs. Depuis les années 1990 jusqu’à aujourd’hui, on observe une intensification du pluralisme associatif argentin en faveur des secteurs de l’agriculture familiale, avec l’apparition de centaines de nouvelles associations autogénérées ou promues par des programmes de développement rural publics et privés, qui, même si elles sont caractérisées par l’activité coopérative de leurs membres, n’ont pas adopté cette forme juridique traditionnelle. Ce travail vise à déterminer une série de notions permettant de délimiter ce vaste et divers milieu d’associations identifiées comme Associations Économiques de l’Agriculture Familiale (AEAF), en établissant, pour cela, une série de types idéaux pour proposer un outil d’analyse empirique de leur étude sur différentes réalités locales, nationales et régionales.Associations in rural areas have traditionally been pointed to as a factor that contributes to the development of small and medium-sized farming. From 1990 to the present, the number of associations in Argentina has multiplied among family farms. Hundreds of new associative partnerships have emerged, self-generated or promoted by public or private rural development programs, but although they are characterized by the cooperative activity of their members, they have not adopted this traditional legal form. The objective of this paper is to outline a set of notions that define the vast and diverse universe of associations identified as Economic Associations of Family Farms (AEAF) by constructing a series of ideal types, in order to propose a tool for an empirical approach to their study in different local, national and regional situations.Fil: Lattuada, Mario Jose. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Humanidades y Artes; Argentina. Universidad Abierta Interamericana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Nogueira, Maria Elena. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Urcola, Marcos Andres. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

State management of rural development and family farm in Argentina: Styles of management and conjunctural analysis (2004-2014 and 2015-2017)

La gestión estatal del desarrollo rural y la agricultura familiar forma parte de la agenda pública de principios del siglo XXI. Los modos de intervenir en dichas problemáticas se traducen en acciones continuas desde la creación de la Reunión Especializada de la Agricultura Familiar (REAF) del Mercosur y los Foros Nacionales de la Agricultura Familiar (FoNAF) entre 2004 y 2006, hasta la sanción de la Ley Nº 27.118 de Reparación Histórica de la Agricultura Familiar en 2014, sólo por señalar hitos de relevancia. Sin embargo, hacia finales de 2015, se introduce una nueva serie de reformas del aparato estatal con efectos en la organización general de los ministerios y la visibilidad y alcance de las problemáticas, entre los aspectos más destacados. Este contexto nos interpela respecto de la continuidad de las acciones de desarrollo rural y agricultura familiar planteadas con anterioridad. El objetivo de este artículo es dar cuenta de estas incipientes reformas estatales y cómo han afectado, en términos de continuidad y relevancia, lo acontecido en estas áreas durante el período 2004-2014. Para esto, realizaremos un balance de dicho período que nos permita contrastar el momento actual (2015-2017), construido a partir de un análisis de tipo coyuntural. Las fuentes para el análisis del período 2004-2014 se componen de diversos materiales (con datos primarios y secundarios) recogidos en el marco de investigaciones previas sobre la temática; mientras que el análisis de coyuntura se realiza a partir de artículos periodísticos, documentos y publicaciones oficiales y entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave.State management of rural development and family farm is an issue in the public agenda since the beginning of the 21st century. In this sense, the ways of intervening in these problems produce continuous actions since the creation of the Specialized Meeting on Family Agriculture (REAF) of Mercosur and the National Forums of Family Agriculture (FoNAF) between 2004 and 2006, to the Law Nº 27.118 of Historical Reparation of Family Agriculture in 2014, only to point out some milestones of relevance. However, since the last part of 2015, a new series of State´s reforms produce effects on the general organization of the ministries and the visibility of the above mentioned issue. This new context challenges us in regard to the continuity of the rural development and family farm actions previously raised. The objective of this article is to consider these incipient State´ reforms and how they have affected, in terms of continuity and relevance, the roles of these areas during the period 2004-2014. To do this, we will make a balance of this period that allow to contrast the current situation (2015-2017), based on the technique of conjunctural analysis. The sources selected for the period 2004-2014 are composed of several materials (with primary and secondary data) collected to a previous research on the subject; while the analysis of the situation is based on newspaper articles, official documents and publications and in-depth interviews with key informants.Fil: Nogueira, Maria Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Urcola, Marcos Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales. Escuela de Relaciones Internacionales; ArgentinaFil: Lattuada, Mario Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Abierta Interamericana; Argentin

Outbreak of Endoparasitosis in Free-Range Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Bahia, Brazil

Background: Free-range chickens are quite common in Brazil. In this alternative rearing system, the animals are rustic and raised in an extensive system. Free access to “bare soil” results in the increased occurrence of intestinal parasites since larvae and / or eggs of helminths and protozoa oocysts find favorable conditions for their survival and dissemination in the soil. Although the occurrence and importance of parasitic infections in free-range chickens is well known, the objective of this study is to report an outbreak of endoparasites in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra - BA, in view of bird susceptibility associated with scarcity of studies in western Bahia.Cases: The chickens were kept free, in a bare soil yard in a household at the urban perimeter of the municipality of Barra - BA. Feeding consisted of whole corn grains, thrown directly in the soil. The drinking fountains were dirty and the animals had no history of vaccination or deworming. Symptoms Anorexia, difficulty in eating and in locomotion, presence of seromucous secretion in the oral cavity, emaciation and diarrhea were all observed symptoms. One of the birds presented excessive vocalization, drowsiness and flaccid paralysis of the neck. Necropsy was performed on 3 chickens: 2 females (cases 1 and 2) and 1 male (case 3). Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of seromucous secretion in the upper respiratory tract of all animals. Specimens of Ascaridia galli were observed in cases 1 and 2, Heterakis gallinarum in cases 2 and 3, Raillietina sp. in cases 2 and 3 and Davainea proglottina in case 1. Microscopically, the animals had an inflammatory infiltrate in the liver and intestines. Some animals presented necrosis of the tracheal epithelial cells, as well as of the epithelial cells present at the apex of the villi. No significant results were found in the coproparasitological exam.Discussion: The diagnosis of endoparasitosis in this outbreak was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings. The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in free-range chickens is linked to factors such as age, high animal density, absence of sanitary hygienic measures, as well as environmental temperature and humidity. The appearance of injuries in the intestinal mucosa is influenced by characteristics such as parasitic load, concomitant infections, age and the host's immune status. During necropsy of the birds were found 2 helminths of the Nematoda class (Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum) and 2 of the Cestoda class (Davainea proglottina and Raillietina sp.). A. galli, seen in 2 cases, is considered low pathogenicity for adult chickens, however young birds are susceptible and can die due to intestinal obstruction and hemorrhages. H. gallinarum is responsible for causing typhlitis, with diarrhea and weight loss, this helminth was found in 2 animals in the present study, however only 1 had changes in the digestive tract. Davainea proglotina and Raillietina spp. might cause, respectively, severe hemorrhagic enteritis and nodule formation in the small intestine mucosa. In Brazil, even though it is notable that intestinal parasitism is one of the key problems in alternative poultry farming, there are few studies that evaluate the presence of endoparasites in chickens raised in alternative production systems, with animals being more frequently exposed to nematodes and cestodes. The multiparasitism observed in this study probably stems from flaws in the rearing system, mainly related to sanitary hygiene management. Therefore, the reduction in the occurrence of these helminths is closely related to the performance of basic prophylactic measures, such as offering good quality food and water in clean containers, separating lots by age, performing sanitary emptiness and deworming.Keywords: livelihood creation, nematode, cestode, multiparasitism, avian pathology.Surto de endoparasitose em galinhas caipiras (Gallus gallus domesticus) na Bahia, BrasilDescritores: criação de subsistência, nematoide, cestoide, multiparasitismo, patologia aviária

GEOCRONOLOGIA U-Pb E Lu-Hf EM ORTOGNAISSES DA REGIÃO DE ESPERA FELIZ (MG): CONTRIBUIÇÃO A EVOLUÇÃO CRUSTAL DO EMBASAMENTO RIACIANO NO LIMITE DOS ORÓGENOS RIBEIRA E ARAÇUAÍ: U-Pb and Lu-Hf geochronology of orthogneisses from Espera Feliz region (MG): contribution to the Rhyacian evolution of the basement at the limit of the Ribeira and Araçuai Orogens

 The Araçuaí Orogen was developed during the Brasiliano Cycle when collisional events deformed the basement represented by migmatite orthogneisses. Petrographic studies in Espera Feliz region indicate orthogneiss and paragneiss granitoids and granulites. The U-Pb and Lu-Hf analysis in zircon grains by LA-ICP-MS, allowed to obtain crystallization and metamorphic ages and informations on sources of analysed rocks. The zircons have rounded and / or elongated morphology, being possible the identification of inherited nuclei and overgrowth in the grains through the images made in the SEM. U-Pb geochronological analyzes have protolite ages varying from 2200 a 2075 Ma, (εHf values from -21,8 e -8,9 and TDM from 2,83 a 2,06 Ga), Neoproterozoic granites crystallization ages from 630 to 597 Ma and metamorphism ages from 602 Ma to 582 Ma (εHf values from -14,6 and -6,7 and TDM from 2,22 to 1,78 Ga). These results allow suggesting the formation of the Paleoproterozoic basement originated in the environment of magmatic arc (2201-1996 Ma). These rocks were intruded by neoproterozoic magmatism (626-622 Ma). The third event identified in the U-Pb ages of the rocks studied is characterized by metamorphism and crustal melting (602-582 Ma) during the collision and amalgamation of Gondwana supecontinent.  Este artigo apresenta os resultados isotópicos de U-Pb e Lu-Hf de amostras situadas nos limites dos Orógenos Ribeira e Araçuai, em ortognaisses na região de Espera Feliz (MG). As análises petrográficas indicam paragêneses formadas Opx+Kfs+Pl+Qz+Gn formadas na fácies gramulito. Na área próxima da Serra do Caparaó são observados ortognaisses e paragnaisses além de milonitos e protomilinitos que evidenciam as zonas de cisalhamento. As rochas foram agrupadas nos seguintes litotipos: ortognaisses heterogêneos, ortogranulito e granada chanockito, além do paragnaisse, granada silimanita biotita gnaisse, e biotita leucogranito. As análises de U-Pb e Lu-Hf em grãos de zircão por LA-ICP-MS, permitiram a obtenção de idades de cristalização e de metamorfismo, além de informações sobre as fontes dos magmas. Os grãos de zirção apresentam, de forma geral, morfologia arredondada e/ou alongada, sendo possível a identificação de núcleos herdados e sobrecrescimento nos grãos através das imagens feitas no MEV. Análises geocronológicas U-Pb apresentam idades de cristalização, para os ortognaisses paleoproterozóicos, que variam de 2200 a 2075 Ma, com valores de εHf variando de -21,8 e -8,9 e TDM de 2,83 a 2,06 Ga (sugerindo fontes mantélicas com importante participação crustal na formação dos magmas destas rochas) e idades de metamorfismo de 600 a 570 Ma. Para os ortognaisses neoproterozóicos, foram encontradas idades de cristalização de 630 a 597 Ma, com valores de εHf variando de-14,6 e -6,7 e TDM de 2,22 e 1,78 Ga, sugerindo fontes crustais. Estes resultados permitem sugerir a formação do embasamento Paleoproterozoico originadas em ambiente de arco magmático durante o riaciano-orosiriano (2200-2075 Ma). Estas rochas foram intrudidas por um magmatismo edicariano (630-597 Ma). O terceiro evento identificado nas idades U-Pb das rochas estudadas é caracterizado pelo metamorfismo e anatexia (600-570 Ma) durante a colisão e formação do Gondwana. &nbsp

Biochemical Characterization of an In-House Coccidioides Antigen: Perspectives for the Immunodiagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reactivity of an in-house antigen, extracted from a strain of C. posadasii isolated in northeastern Brazil, by radial immunodiffusion and Western blotting, as well as to establish its biochemical characterization. the protein antigen was initially extracted with the use of solid ammonium sulfate and characterized by 1-D electrophoresis. Subsequently, it was tested by means of double radial immunodiffusion and Western blotting. A positive reaction was observed against the antigen by both immunodiagnostic techniques tested on sera from patients suffering from coccidioidomycosis. Besides this, two immunoreactive protein bands were observed and were revealed to be a beta-glucosidase and a glutamine synthetase after sequencing of the respective N-terminal regions. Our in-house Coccidioides antigen can be promising as a quick and low-cost diagnostic tool without the risk of direct manipulation of the microorganism.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education PersonnelUniv Fed Ceara, Specialized Med Mycol Ctr, Sch Med, BR-60430270 Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Estadual Ceara, Postgrad Program Vet Sci, Sch Vet Med, BR-60740000 Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, BR-60455760 Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-04021001 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-04021001 São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 302574/2009-3CNPq: 306637/2010-3Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel: CAPES/PNPD2103/2009Web of Scienc

Enhancing Network Slicing Architectures with Machine Learning, Security, Sustainability and Experimental Networks Integration

Network Slicing (NS) is an essential technique extensively used in 5G networks computing strategies, mobile edge computing, mobile cloud computing, and verticals like the Internet of Vehicles and industrial IoT, among others. NS is foreseen as one of the leading enablers for 6G futuristic and highly demanding applications since it allows the optimization and customization of scarce and disputed resources among dynamic, demanding clients with highly distinct application requirements. Various standardization organizations, like 3GPP's proposal for new generation networks and state-of-the-art 5G/6G research projects, are proposing new NS architectures. However, new NS architectures have to deal with an extensive range of requirements that inherently result in having NS architecture proposals typically fulfilling the needs of specific sets of domains with commonalities. The Slicing Future Internet Infrastructures (SFI2) architecture proposal explores the gap resulting from the diversity of NS architectures target domains by proposing a new NS reference architecture with a defined focus on integrating experimental networks and enhancing the NS architecture with Machine Learning (ML) native optimizations, energy-efficient slicing, and slicing-tailored security functionalities. The SFI2 architectural main contribution includes the utilization of the slice-as-a-service paradigm for end-to-end orchestration of resources across multi-domains and multi-technology experimental networks. In addition, the SFI2 reference architecture instantiations will enhance the multi-domain and multi-technology integrated experimental network deployment with native ML optimization, energy-efficient aware slicing, and slicing-tailored security functionalities for the practical domain.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figure

Immobilization and application of the recombinant xylanase GH10 of Malbranchea pulchella in the production of xylooligosaccharides from hydrothermal liquor of the eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) wood chips

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are widely used in the food industry as prebiotic components. XOS with high purity are required for practical prebiotic function and other biological benefits, such as antioxidant and inflammatory properties. In this work, we immobilized the recombinant endo-1,4-β-xylanase of Malbranchea pulchella (MpXyn10) in various chemical supports and evaluated its potential to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from hydrothermal liquor of eucalyptus wood chips. Values >90% of immobilization yields were achieved from amino-activated supports for 120 min. The highest recovery values were found on Purolite (142%) and MANAE-MpXyn10 (137%) derivatives, which maintained more than 90% residual activity for 24 h at 70 °C, while the free-MpXyn10 maintained only 11%. In addition, active MpXyn10 derivatives were stable in the range of pH 4.0–6.0 and the presence of the furfural and HMF compounds. MpXyn10 derivatives were tested to produce XOS from xylan of various sources. Maximum values were observed for birchwood xylan at 8.6 mg mL−1 and wheat arabinoxylan at 8.9 mg mL−1, using Purolite-MpXyn10. Its derivative was also successfully applied in the hydrolysis of soluble xylan present in hydrothermal liquor, with 0.9 mg mL−1 of XOS after 3 h at 50 °C. This derivative maintained more than 80% XOS yield after six cycles of the assay. The results obtained provide a basis for the application of immobilized MpXyn10 to produce XOS with high purity and other high-value-added products in the lignocellulosic biorefinery field.The authors gratefully acknowledge FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation, grants No: 2018/07522-6) and FCT (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032206)—transnational cooperation project EcoTech, and National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioethanol, INCT, CNPq 465319/2014-9/FAPESP n ◦ 2014/50884- 5) for financial support. Research scholarships were granted to RCA, DA, and JCSS by FAPESP (Grant No: 2020/00081-4, 2020/15510-8, and 2019/21989-7, respectively), to CCVD and VEP by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Finance Code 001).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Antiretroviral drugs saquinavir and ritonavir reduce inhibitory concentration values of itraconazole against Histoplasma capsulatum strains in vitro

Recent studies have shown that some drugs that are not routinely used to treat fungal infections have antifungal activity, such as protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs. This study investigated the in vitro susceptibility of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum to saquinavir and ritonavir, and its combination with the antifungal itraconazole. The susceptibility assay was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All strains were inhibited by the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs. Saquinavir showed minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 1 mu g mL(-1) for both phases, and ritonavir presented minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.0312 to 4 mu g mL(-1) and from 0.0625 to 1 mu g mL(-1) for filamentous and yeast phase, respectively. Concerning the anti fungal itraconazole, the minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 0.0019 to 0.125 mu g mL(-1) and from 0.0039 to 0.0312 mu g mL(-1) for the filamentous and yeast phase, respectively. The combination of saquinavir or ritonavir with itraconazole was synergistic against H. capsulatum, with a significant reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both drugs against the strains (p < 0.05). These data show an important in vitro synergy between protease inhibitors and itraconazole against the fungus H. capsulatum. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.CNPqCAPESUniv Fed Ceara, Postgrad Program Med Microbiol, Specialized Med Mycol Ctr, Fortaleza, CE, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Postgrad Program Med Sci, Fortaleza, CE, BrazilUniv Estadual Ceara UECE, Postgrad Program Vet Sci, Fortaleza, CE, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Dept Stat & Appl Math, Fortaleza, CE, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHosp Sao Jose, Fortaleza, CE, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilCNPq: 303396/2014-8CNPq: 552161/2011-0CAPES: AE1 - 0052-000630100/11Web of Scienc

The effect of excess fluid balance on the mortality rate of surgical patients: a multicenter prospective study

Introduction\ud In some studies including small populations of patients undergoing specific surgery, an intraoperative liberal infusion of fluids was associated with increasing morbidity when compared to restrictive strategies. Therefore, to evaluate the role of excessive fluid infusion in a general population with high-risk surgery is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intraoperative fluid balance on the postoperative organ dysfunction, infection and mortality rate.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud We conducted a prospective cohort study during one year in four ICUs from three tertiary hospitals, which included patients aged 18 years or more who required postoperative ICU after undergoing major surgery. Patients who underwent palliative surgery and whose fluid balance could change in outcome were excluded. The calculation of fluid balance was based on preoperative fasting, insensible losses from surgeries and urine output minus fluid replacement intraoperatively.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud The study included 479 patients. Mean age was 61.2 ± 17.0 years and 8.8% of patients died at the hospital during the study. The median duration of surgery was 4.0 (3.2 to 5.5) h and the value of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) 3 score was 41.8 ± 14.5. Comparing survivors and non-survivors, the intraoperative fluid balance from non-survivors was higher (1,950 (1,400 to 3,400) mL vs. 1,400 (1,000 to 1,600) mL, P <0.001). Patients with fluid balance above 2,000 mL intraoperatively had a longer ICU stay (4.0 (3.0 to 8.0) vs. 3.0 (2.0 to 6.0), P <0.001) and higher incidence of infectious (41.9% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.001), neurological (46.2% vs. 13.2%, P <0.001), cardiovascular (63.2% vs. 39.6%, P <0.001) and respiratory complications (34.3% vs. 11.6%, P <0.001). In multivariate analysis, the fluid balance was an independent factor for death (OR per 100 mL = 1.024; P = 0.006; 95% CI 1.007 to 1.041).\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud Patients with excessive intraoperative fluid balance have more ICU complications and higher hospital mortality

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states