168 research outputs found

    Slow kinetic evolution of nanohelices based on gemini surfactant self-assemblies with various enantiomeric excess

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    Very slow kinetic evolution (days) of chiral nanoribbons based on amphiphilic molecular assemblies is investigated for various enantiomeric excess. In the early stage of ribbon formation, those formed for low enantiomeric excess (0 <= ee <= 0.5) show chiral segregation, and are made with a mixture of short-pitched right-handed and left-handed twisted ribbons. With time, these nano-ribbons merge to form ribbons with larger pitch and single-handedness, which is determined by the majority enantiomer.Initiative d'excellence de l'Université de Bordeau

    Chem. Commun.

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    Hybrid nanometric helical structures formed by the molecular assemblies of dicationic gemini surfactants with tartrate counterions covered with helical silica walls interact differently with matching or mismatching enantiomers of the tartrate. The difference of the interaction is based on the cooperativity between the chiral crystalline gemini surfactant molecular organization/conformation and the rigid chiral nanospace formed by the helical silica wall

    "Petite enfance et santé en Afrique". Une anthropologie des maladies infantiles locales face aux savoirs et pratiques endogÚnes de soin à Sangmélima (Cameroun)

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    How can we understand the need to use endogenous knowledge and care practices to prevent and treat local childhood illnesses among the Bulu of SangmĂ©lima (southern Cameroon) ? This was the pivotal question that led me to this Bulu field in this thesis, which is part of the anthropology of health and childhood. With a view to exploring local childhood illnesses and the endogenous knowledge and practices of care dedicated to their prevention and treatment (among young children aged zero to five), the qualitative research strategy favoured an ethnography of detail, a mosaic approach, observations, interviews, life stories and focus groups to collect the data. This field study, conducted in both the vernacular (local language) and the vehicular language (French), focused on the rural area, the main focus for observing the interactions and roles of the various players involved in this endogenous childhood medicine, and the preventive and therapeutic mechanisms of these local childhood illnesses. Just as much as the childhood diseases known to biomedicine, these local childhood illnesses regularly threaten the health of children in this area. However, they are not included in the official statistics on infant and child mortality, because they are little known, and little considered by the region's public health programmes and policies. By focusing on their study, this thesis aims to highlight them; demonstrate the need for the added value of knowing about them on the basis of endogenous knowledge and practices of 'situated' care dedicated to their cure; calls out and enlightened public and social child health policies that still seem to ignore them. This work shows that two fundamental elements give meaning to the prevention, treatment or cure of these local childhood illnesses only through endogenous knowledge and practices. Firstly, the fact that they are part of the endogenous referents and conceptions of this population, making them shared social and cultural constructs; secondly, the fact that they are shared social and cultural constructs means that endogenous applied knowledge ─ considered by the Bulu as ancestral, more practical, closer to home and effective ─ should be able to diagnose and treat them, in the face of the Cameroonian biomedical care system, which is perceived here as inadequate and too little inaccessible on a daily basis in this context.Comment peut se comprendre la nĂ©cessitĂ© d'utiliser les savoirs et les pratiques endogĂšnes de soins pour prĂ©venir et traiter les maladies infantiles locales chez les Bulu de SangmĂ©lima (sud-Cameroun) ? Telle a Ă©tĂ© la question charniĂšre qui m’a conduit vers ce terrain bulu dans cette thĂšse qui s’inscrit dans l’anthropologie de la santĂ© et celle de l’enfance. En vue d’explorer les maladies infantiles locales et les savoirs et pratiques endogĂšnes de soins dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  leur prĂ©vention comme Ă  leur traitement (auprĂšs des jeunes enfants de zĂ©ro Ă  cinq ans) la stratĂ©gie d'enquĂȘte qualitative a privilĂ©giĂ© une ethnographie du dĂ©tail, une approche mosaĂŻque, des observations, entretiens, rĂ©cits de vie et focus group pour collecter les donnĂ©es. Cette Ă©tude de terrain menĂ©e aussi bien en langue vernaculaire (langue locale) que vĂ©hiculaire (français) s'est concentrĂ©e sur la zone rurale, principal foyer d'observation des interactions et rĂŽles des diffĂ©rents acteurs concernĂ©s par cette mĂ©decine infantile endogĂšne, et des mĂ©canismes prĂ©ventifs et thĂ©rapeutiques de ces maladies infantiles locales. Tout autant que les maladies infantiles connues de la biomĂ©decine, ces maladies infantiles locales menacent rĂ©guliĂšrement la santĂ© des enfants dans cette zone. Cependant, elles ne sont pas intĂ©grĂ©es aux statistiques officielles des mortalitĂ©s infantiles et infanto-juvĂ©niles, car trĂšs peu connues et peu considĂ©rĂ©es par les programmes et les politiques de santĂ© publique de la rĂ©gion. En se focalisant sur leur Ă©tude, cette thĂšse vise Ă  les mettre en lumiĂšre ; dĂ©montre la nĂ©cessitĂ© de la plus-value de les connaĂźtre Ă  partir des connaissances et des pratiques endogĂšnes de soins « situĂ©s » dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  leur guĂ©rison ; interpelle et Ă©claire les politiques publiques et sociales de santĂ© infantile qui semblent encore les ignorer. Ce travail montre que deux Ă©lĂ©ments fondamentaux donnent un sens Ă  la prĂ©vention, au traitement ou Ă  la guĂ©rison de ces maladies infantiles locales uniquement par les savoirs et pratiques endogĂšnes. PremiĂšrement, le fait qu’elles soient inscrites dans les rĂ©fĂ©rents et conceptions endogĂšnes de cette population faisant d’elles des constructions sociales et culturelles partagĂ©es; deuxiĂšmement, du fait d’ĂȘtre des constructions sociales et culturelles partagĂ©es induit que les savoirs appliquĂ©s endogĂšnes ─ jugĂ©s ancestraux, plus pratiques, plus proches et efficaces par les Bulu ─ soient habilitĂ©s Ă  les diagnostiquer et Ă  les prendre en charge, face au systĂšme de soin biomĂ©dical camerounais, ici perçu comme inadaptĂ© et trop peu accessible au quotidien dans ce contexte

    « Early childhood and health in Africa ». An anthropology of local childhood illnesses in the face of endogenous knowledge and care practices in Sangmélima (Cameroon)

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    Comment peut se comprendre la nĂ©cessitĂ© d'utiliser les savoirs et les pratiques endogĂšnes de soins pour prĂ©venir et traiter les maladies infantiles locales chez les Bulu de SangmĂ©lima (sud-Cameroun) ? Telle a Ă©tĂ© la question charniĂšre qui m’a conduit vers ce terrain bulu dans cette thĂšse qui s’inscrit dans l’anthropologie de la santĂ© et celle de l’enfance. En vue d’explorer les maladies infantiles locales et les savoirs et pratiques endogĂšnes de soins dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  leur prĂ©vention comme Ă  leur traitement (auprĂšs des jeunes enfants de zĂ©ro Ă  cinq ans) la stratĂ©gie d'enquĂȘte qualitative a privilĂ©giĂ© une ethnographie du dĂ©tail, une approche mosaĂŻque, des observations, entretiens, rĂ©cits de vie et focus group pour collecter les donnĂ©es. Cette Ă©tude de terrain menĂ©e aussi bien en langue vernaculaire (langue locale) que vĂ©hiculaire (français) s'est concentrĂ©e sur la zone rurale, principal foyer d'observation des interactions et rĂŽles des diffĂ©rents acteurs concernĂ©s par cette mĂ©decine infantile endogĂšne, et des mĂ©canismes prĂ©ventifs et thĂ©rapeutiques de ces maladies infantiles locales. Tout autant que les maladies infantiles connues de la biomĂ©decine, ces maladies infantiles locales menacent rĂ©guliĂšrement la santĂ© des enfants dans cette zone. Cependant, elles ne sont pas intĂ©grĂ©es aux statistiques officielles des mortalitĂ©s infantiles et infanto-juvĂ©niles, car trĂšs peu connues et peu considĂ©rĂ©es par les programmes et les politiques de santĂ© publique de la rĂ©gion. En se focalisant sur leur Ă©tude, cette thĂšse vise Ă  les mettre en lumiĂšre ; dĂ©montre la nĂ©cessitĂ© de la plus-value de les connaĂźtre Ă  partir des connaissances et des pratiques endogĂšnes de soins « situĂ©s » dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  leur guĂ©rison ; interpelle et Ă©claire les politiques publiques et sociales de santĂ© infantile qui semblent encore les ignorer. Ce travail montre que deux Ă©lĂ©ments fondamentaux donnent un sens Ă  la prĂ©vention, au traitement ou Ă  la guĂ©rison de ces maladies infantiles locales uniquement par les savoirs et pratiques endogĂšnes. PremiĂšrement, le fait qu’elles soient inscrites dans les rĂ©fĂ©rents et conceptions endogĂšnes de cette population faisant d’elles des constructions sociales et culturelles partagĂ©es; deuxiĂšmement, du fait d’ĂȘtre des constructions sociales et culturelles partagĂ©es induit que les savoirs appliquĂ©s endogĂšnes ─ jugĂ©s ancestraux, plus pratiques, plus proches et efficaces par les Bulu ─ soient habilitĂ©s Ă  les diagnostiquer et Ă  les prendre en charge, face au systĂšme de soin biomĂ©dical camerounais, ici perçu comme inadaptĂ© et trop peu accessible au quotidien dans ce contexte.How can we understand the need to use endogenous knowledge and care practices to prevent and treat local childhood illnesses among the Bulu of SangmĂ©lima (southern Cameroon) ? This was the pivotal question that led me to this Bulu field in this thesis, which is part of the anthropology of health and childhood. With a view to exploring local childhood illnesses and the endogenous knowledge and practices of care dedicated to their prevention and treatment (among young children aged zero to five), the qualitative research strategy favoured an ethnography of detail, a mosaic approach, observations, interviews, life stories and focus groups to collect the data. This field study, conducted in both the vernacular (local language) and the vehicular language (French), focused on the rural area, the main focus for observing the interactions and roles of the various players involved in this endogenous childhood medicine, and the preventive and therapeutic mechanisms of these local childhood illnesses. Just as much as the childhood diseases known to biomedicine, these local childhood illnesses regularly threaten the health of children in this area. However, they are not included in the official statistics on infant and child mortality, because they are little known, and little considered by the region's public health programmes and policies. By focusing on their study, this thesis aims to highlight them; demonstrate the need for the added value of knowing about them on the basis of endogenous knowledge and practices of 'situated' care dedicated to their cure; calls out and enlightened public and social child health policies that still seem to ignore them. This work shows that two fundamental elements give meaning to the prevention, treatment or cure of these local childhood illnesses only through endogenous knowledge and practices. Firstly, the fact that they are part of the endogenous referents and conceptions of this population, making them shared social and cultural constructs; secondly, the fact that they are shared social and cultural constructs means that endogenous applied knowledge ─ considered by the Bulu as ancestral, more practical, closer to home and effective ─ should be able to diagnose and treat them, in the face of the Cameroonian biomedical care system, which is perceived here as inadequate and too little inaccessible on a daily basis in this context
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