Türkiye'nin farklı coğrafi bölgelerinden toplanan arı poleninin fenolik bileşikleri ve antioksidan kapasitelerinin araştırılması

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidan activity, total phenolic acid, and total flavonoid content in bee pollen collected from different regions of Turkey. A total of 81 bee pollen samples from 81 beekeepers were collected from 6 different regions of Turkey. Total phenolic content of pollen samples was determined in mg gallic acid equivalent gr pollen sample (mgGAE/gr) and total flavonoid analysis was made with a spectrophotometric method in mg based on quercetin (QE/g) concentration. Total antioxidant level was conducted according to free radical scavenger effects of pollen on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) as an indirect method. According to the results of the study, total phenolic acid levels of pollen differed between 7.81 and 57.69 (mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content differed between 3.72 and 4.97 (mg QE/g) and DPPH differed between 55.18 and 94.08 (mg/ml). It is considered that the study data will contribute to the presentation of the chemical components of Turkish bee pollen.Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin değişik bölgelerinden toplanan balarısı polenlerin toplam fenolik asit, flavonoid düzeyleri ve total antioksidan kapasiteleri araştırılmıştır. Polen numuneleri Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerden 81 arıcıdan toplam 81 örnekten temin edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde içeriği kuru ağırlığın gramı başına mg gallik asit eşdeğeri (mgGAE/gr) ve toplam flavonoid analizi ise gramı başına quercetin (mgQE/gr) konsantrasyon temel alınarak spektrofotometrik bir yöntem ile yapılmıştır. Total antioksidan düzeyi indirekt metot olarak polenin DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) üzerindeki serbest radikal süpürücü etkilerine göre yapılmıştır. Çalışmamızda elde edilen bulgulara göre polenin total fenolik asit düzeyleri 7.81 ile 57.69 (mgGAE/g), toplam flavonoid düzeyleri 3.72 ile 4.97 (mgQE/g) ve DPPH ise 55.18 ile 94.08 (mg/ml) aralığında değişkenlik göstermiştir. Çalışma verilerinin Türk arı poleninin kimyasal yapısının ortaya konulmasında katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir

Farklı çevre şartlarının bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.) bilişsel fonksiyonu ve bal mineral içeriği üzerine etkileri

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of local area inhabited by bee colonies on regional efficiency, foraging behavior and the content of certain metal elements in honey. Bee colonies from the same genetic source in different regions demonstrated significant variation (P<0.001) in behavior and performance. Initially, the number of forager worker bees exiting and entering the hive was approximately equal to each other. However, over time a significant difference (P<0.001) occurred between regions. Varying regional conditions caused considerable difference (P<0.001) in the average honey yields of colonies (between 28.60 ± 3.27 and 0.571 ± 2.76 kg/colony). Significant differences (P<0.01) in the amount of wax produced were also observed between regions. These regional differences were further reflected in concentrations of certain heavy metals in centrifugal honey samples. Environmental effects were determined to be the most important reason for the differences in all phenotypes, such as behavior, honey yield and heavy metal concentrations in honey. Those colonies inhabiting industrial or polluted areas died before the winter. Therefore, colonies are only productive when provided with appropriate environments or conditions.Bu çalışmada kolonilerin arıcılık sezonunu geçirdikleri bölgenin veya lokal alanın koloni verimine, işçi arıların tarlacılık davranışlarına, koloni yaşama gücüne ve üretilen balın bazı metal element içeriğine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Aynı genetik kaynaktan gelen arı kolonileri farklı bölgelerde önemli düzeyde (P<0.001) farklı davranış ve performans göstermişlerdir. İşçi arıların kovandan uçuş ve kovana girişleri başlangıçta tüm bölgelerde benzer düzeylerde iken geçen zaman içerisinde bölgeler arasında önemli düzeyde (P<0.001) farklılık oluşmuştur. Farklı bölgesel koşullar kolonilerin bal veriminde ortalama 28.60±3.27 ile 0.571±2.76 kg/koloni gibi önemli (P<0.01) farklılığa neden olmuştur. Bal mumu üretiminde de bölgeler arasında önemli farklılık belirlenmiştir (P<0.01). Kolonilerde bölgeler arası meydana gelen bu olumsuzluk bal örneklerinde belirlenen ağır metal miktarlarına da yansımıştır. Davranış, verim ve balın metal içeriği gibi tüm fenotiplerde belirlenen farklılıkların en önemli kaynağının çevre olduğu tahmin edilmiştir. Sanayi ve aşırı hayvan otlatma bölgelerinde tutulan kolonilerin bir süre sonra söndükleri görülmüştür. Bu nedenle kolonilerin verimli olmaları ancak kendilerine uygun çevre sağlandığında mümkün olmaktadır

Biochemical Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Honey in Oral Mucosal Ulcers

The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the therapeutic value of honey in oral mucosal ulcers healing in comparison with Glyceroloxytriester (TGO). We also aimed to biochemically evaluate the healing effects of honey which had been collected from the Blacksea region flora on mucosal ulcers resulting in material loss. Thirty wistar rats (240±30 g) were enrolled in this study. Excisional wounds were performed in all rats for animal oral mucosal ulcer model. They were randomly allocated to three groups: group 1 was treated with Apitherapeutic agent or honey (0,1 ml, 2x1), group 2 was treated with TGO (0,1ml, 2x1) locally, Group 3 served as the control group. Following the surgical procedure on day 7, biopsy specimens were taken from right buccal mucosa and on day 14 biopsy specimens were taken from left bucal mucosa in all rats. Afterwards, hydroxy pyroline levels were measured. Data were analyzed statistically There was no statistically significant difference between Group 1 and 2, and also between Group 2 and 3, but there was statistically significant difference between Group 1 and 3 on day 7. There was no statistically significant difference between Group 1, 2 and 3 on day 14

Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field (1.8/0.9 GHz) on testicular function and structure in growing rats

The aim of our study was to evaluate the possible effects of whole-body electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on reproduction in growing male rats. Male albino Wistar rats (2 days old) were exposed to EMF 1800 and 900 MHz for 2 h continuously per day for 90 days. Sham control was kept under similar conditions except that the field was not applied for the same period. After blood samples were collected, the animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last exposure and the tissues of interest were harvested. The mean plasma total testosterone showed similarity among the two study groups and was significantly higher than the sham control rats. The percentage of epididymal sperm motility was significantly higher in the 1800 MHz group (P < 0.05). The morphologically normal spermatozoa rates were higher and the tail abnormality and total percentage abnormalities were lower in the 900 MHz group (P < 0.05). Histopathologic parameters in the 1800 MHz group were significantly higher (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study indicated that exposure to electromagnetic wave caused an increase in testosterone level, epididymal sperm motility (forward), and normal sperm morphology of rats. As a consequences, 1800 and 900 MHz EMF could be considered to be a cause of precocious puberty in growing rats. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Effects of combination of asetylmethionine, L-carnitine, vitamin E and vitamin B12 on clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in cattle

Bu çalışmada asetilmetiyonin, l-karnitin, vitamin E ve vitamin B12 kombinasyonunun sığırlarda bazı klinik, hematolojk ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmada, çeşitli stres faktörlerine maruz kalmış, klinik olarak genel vücut kondisyonu iyi olmayan, durgun, halsiz, iştahsız ve çevreye ilgisi azalmış 32 adet sığır kullanıldı. Hayvanlara asetilmetiyonin, l-karnitin, vitamin E ve vitamin B12 içeren bir ticari ürün (Metabolase Forte, FATRO-VETAŞ) 100 kg canlı ağırlığa 5 ml dozda, kas içi yolla günde bir defa olmak üzere 7 gün süre ile uygulandı. Hayvanların ilaç uygulanmasından önce ve sonra klinik muayenesi yapılarak, genel durum bozukluğu, kıl örtüsünde düzensizlik, çevreye ilgisizlik/depresyon, iştah durumları skorlanarak (0=yok, 4=çok şiddetli) değerlendirildi. Yine ilaç uygulaması öncesi ve sonrasında antikoagülanlı ve boş tüplere hematolojik ve biyokimyasal değerlendirmeler amacıyla kan alındı. Formül lökosit tablosu ile karaciğer fonksiyonları için serum ALT, AST, total protein ve kolesterol değerleri belirlendi. Ayrıca hayvanlardaki antioksidan metabolizma hakkında değerlendirme yapmak amacıyla serum MDA ve seruloplazmin düzeyleri tespit edildi. Çalışma sonunda hematokrit değer, alyuvar ve akyuvar sayıları ile total protein seviyesinde ilaç öncesi ve sonrasında istatistiksel olarak fark tespit edilirken (p0.05). Çalışmada, tedavi öncesi 2.44±0.13 olan ortalama klinik skor tedavi sonrası 0.26±0.07 olarak bulundu. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrası yapılan klinik değerlendirmelerde hayvanların 28 adedinde (%87.5) başlangıçta incelenen parametreler yönünden 3 ve 4 olan klinik skorların tedavi sonrası 1’in altına düştüğü belirlendi. Bu hayvanların klinik olarak iyi derecede iyileştikleri kabul edildi.In this study, evaluation of the effects of asetylmethionine, l-carnitine, vitamin E and vitamin B12 combination on some clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in cattle was aimed. Thirty two animals, which were affected by various stressors, clinically weakness body condition, dullness, drooping, anorexic and apathetic, were used in the study. A commercial product which contained asetylmethionine, l-carnitine, vitamin E and vitamin B12 was administrated 5 ml/100 kg b.w. once a day for 7 days via intramuscularly. General clinical examinations were made in the all animals before and after the drug applications and disorders of general condition and feather, apathy/signs of depression, appetite were scored (0=absent, 4=very severe). Also, blood samples were collected into empty and anticoagulant contained tubes for haematological and biochemical evaluations before and after the drug applications. Differential leukocyte and serum ALT, AST, total protein and total cholesterol levels for liver functions were determined. In addition, serum malondialdehit (MDA) and seruloplasmin levels were determined to evaluate antioxidant metabolism. After the study, microhaematocrit, red blood cell, white blood cells counts and total protein levels before and after treatment were found to be significant (p&lt;0.05). But other haematological and biochemical parameters were not found statistically different (p&gt;0.05). In the study, mean clinical score was determined 2.44&plusmn;0.13 before the treatment and 0.26&plusmn;0.07 after the treatment. In the evaluation of clinical examinations before and after the treatment, investigated clinical scores of 28 animals (87.5%) were found 3 and 4 before the treatment and less than 1 after the treatment. Satisfactory clinical recovery was considered in these animals

The investigation of the plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-1 alpha levels and the relationship between these levels and number of blood lymphocytes and monocytes in calves with foot and mouth disease

Bu çalışmada, şap hastalıklı danalarda plazma monosit kemoatraktan protein-1 (MCP-1) ve interlökin 1-a (İL-la) düzeylerinin ve bu düzeyler ile kandaki lenfosit ve monosit sayıları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, 1-1.5 yaşlarında 16 adet şap hastalıklı ve 11 adet sağlıklı dana kullanıldı. Şap hastalıklı danalarda plazma MCP-1 ve İL-la düzeyleri sağlıklı gruba göre önemli derecede yükselmiş bulundu (p0.001). Şap hastalıklı danalarda plazma MCP-1 ve IL-la düzeyleri ile kandaki lenfosit ve monosit sayıları arasında önemli derecede ilişki olduğu belirlendi (p0.01). Kandaki lenfosit ve monosit artışına paralel olarak plazma MCP-1 ve ILI-a düzeylerinin de önemli derecede artmış olması, MCP-1 ve IL-la'nın şap hastalığının patogenezinde rol aldığını düşündürmektedir.In this study, detection of plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-1 (IL-la) levels and correlations between these levels and blood lymphocyte and monocyte numbers was aimed. 1-1.5 years old 16 calves with foot and mouth disease and 11 calves with healthy were used in study. The levels of MCP-1 and IL-la in plasma were found to be significantly increased in calves with foot and mouth disease compared to healthy group (p<0.001). Between the plasma MCP-1 and IL-la levels and blood lymphocyte and monocyte numbers were determined to be significantly correlated (p<0.01) in calves with foot and mouth disease. In the present study, the number of blood lymphocytes and monocytes was positively correlated with plasma MCP-1 and IL-la concentrations that suggests MCP-1 and IL-la are involved in etiopathogenesis of foot and mouth disease

The effects of aging on the central nervous system steroid profiles and myelin basic protein in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aging on the central nervous system steroid and myelin basic protein (MBP) profiles. Forty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats (newborn, 1, 6, 12 and 24-months-old) were studied. Tissues were obtained from the cerebellum and parietal, frontal, temporal cortex of the central nervous system of the rats for steroid extraction. The estradiol, progesteron, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The average levels of estradiol (pg/g), progesteron (ng/g), DHEA (ng/g) and testosterone (ng/g) in the brain tissues were respectively 24.29, 4.59, 0.27, 0.92 in the newborn-rats; 4.18 +/- 1.10, 1.54 +/- 0.30, 0.28 +/- 0.01, 0.57 +/- 0.10 in the 1 month-old-rats; 11.02 +/- 1.10, 2.96 +/- 0.30, 0.27 +/- 0.01, 0.61 +/- 0.10 in the 6 month-old-rats; 15.80 +/- 1.10, 4.80 +/- 0.30, 0.28 +/- 0.10, 0.67 +/- 0.10 in the 12 month-old-rats; 20.07 +/- 1.10, 4.12 +/- 0.30, 0.28 +/- 0.01, 0.55 +/- 0.10 in the 24 month-old-rats. The myelin basic protein levels were determined by immunohistochemical staining and an elevation was observed in conjunction with the aging process. The results of the study indicate that the alterations in MBP, DHEA, progesterone, testosterone and estrodiol concentrations in the central nervous system of the rats during aging can be considered fundamental for future animal and human studies. (C) 2012, Editrice Kurti

Biological activity and phytochemical analysis of dicranum scoparium against the bacterial disease for honey bee

Bacterial diseases, such as American Foulbrood (AFB) and European Foulbrood (EFB), are known to have catastrophic effects on honey bees (if left to spread, can wipe out entire colonies), leading to severe financial losses in the beekeeping industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of methanol extract and its fractions (ethyl acetate, hexane, water) derived from Dicranum scoparium Hedw., which could be utilized as a potential drug to prevent the bacterial diseases (AFB and EFB) affecting the honey bees. For this purpose, crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate/hexane/water fractions were prepared from the aerial part of D. scoparium, collected from Trabzon province. Bio-guided fractionation of the extract and its fractions led to the first-time isolation of five compounds. The structure of all compounds was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectral analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LC-QToF-MS), and by comparison of their NMR data with that of literature. The analysis of these compounds revealed significant antibacterial and sporicidal activities against bacteria causing larval diseases in honey bees. The antibacterial activity of these compounds ranged from 0.6 to 60 mu g/mL against AFB and EFB causing bacteria. Therefore, the natural raw extract and fractions of D. scoparium could be used as potential therapeutic agents against bacterial agents affecting honey bees.Turkish Academy of Sciences TUBITAK-TOVAG-118O415 Recep Tayyip Erdoan University research fund RTEU-BAP 2015.53001. 102.03.04 FBA-2017-80