A type catalogue of Campylopodioideae and Paraleucobryoideae (Musci, Dicranaceae) : part 2, Campylopus

All species of Campylopus Brid. are listed, including citations of basionyms and homotypic synonyms, completed by citation of the type specimen and its location, as well as the current use or other uses of the name

Hypothalamic regulation of food intake : focus on the anx/anx mouse

The main goal of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about one of the most important tasks of the brain, the hypothalamic regulation of food intake. The hypothalamus is considered to be the brain s main center for regulation of food intake and it is integrating signals regaring energy status, from the body, to initiate a proper behavioral response. A malfunctioning of this sensitive system can cause disturbed eating behavior, and have serious consequences for the organism s well being. Disturbed eating behavior is not only part of the traditional eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, but also contributes to overweight and obesity, thereby increasing the risk for several severe disorders and conditions. In addition, anorexia/cachexia is a frequent complication of failure to thrive in infants, malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases, and is contributing significantly to the mortality of these disorders. We use the unique anorectic anx/anx mouse as a model system for regulation of food intake. In Paper I, we studied the normal development of the projections from NPY/AGRP expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc), in normal mouse, and were able to conclude that the first three postnatal weeks appear to be critical for the development of this hypothalamic ood intake‐regulating system. Previous studies have shown several neurochemical abberances in the hypothalamus of the anx/anx mouse, in particular in the distribution of neurotransmitters and ‐peptides known to have a potent regulatory role in the control of food intake, such as NPY, AGRP, CART and POMC. In order to evaluate when these aberrances first appear, we compared the development of the NPY/AGRP system in anx/anx with +/+ mice in Paper II. We concluded that the NPY/AGRP system in anx/anx mice develop as in +/+ mice until P12, after which it appears as if the normal gradual increase in fibers cease and even decrease. In addition, we detected a region specific activation of microglia in several hypothalamic, as well as extra hypothalamic areas, in anx/anx mice from P12 and onwards. Interestingly, these were all areas in which we previously detected a reduced density of NPY/AGRP‐ir fibers in anx/anx mice, indicating that the aberrant hypothalamic neurochemistry in the anx/anx mice could be related to an inflammatory/neurodegenerative process. To further investigate this possibility we analyzed the expression of MCH class I. In Paper III we show expression of MHC class I mRNA and protein in the projection areas of the Arc neurons, to a large extent attributed to microglia, but remarkably also in a few arcuate‐neuron , in the anx/anx mice,. We also found evidence for hypothalamic degeneration in the anx/anx mouse, by showing co‐labeling of NPY and active caspase 6 in Arc, DMH, amygdala and zona incerta. Caspase 6 is required for axonal degeneration, and has been implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. Taken together, this provides evidence of a neurodegenerative process in hypothalamus of the anx/anx mice. In Paper IV, we aimed to identify the anx gene and mutation, as well as the underlying mechanism causing the anorectic phenotype of the anx/anx mouse. We concluded that the anorexia and premature death of the anx/anx mouse is realated to hypothalamic mitochondrial dysfunction and that the anx mutation leads to lower levels of the Ndufaf1 ene and protein. This leads to less fully assembled complex I in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, as well as accumulation of sub‐complexes resulting and increased production of reactive oxygen species. The increased levels of reactive oxygen species can initially act as a signaling molecule affecting hypothalamic neurons, leading to reduced food intake, oxidative stress and in the long run to inactivation and degeneration of Arc food intake‐regulating neurons in anx/anx mice

Understanding Global Education - A Case Study of the Global High Schools Network in Denmark

This is a mixed methods study employing a grounded theory framework with the network organization Global High Schools Denmark as a case. The study aims at understanding how teachers in the network conceptualize global education. Data was collected through in depth semi-structured interviews with teachers as well as through an online self-completion survey. The thesis finds four main conceptualizations among the teachers; global education as specific themes related to globalization, global education as interconnection and dependency between the global and local, global education as the understanding and respect for other peoples and cultures and finally, global education as preparation for studying and working in a global world. The teachers furthermore expressed thoughts in relation to teaching practice, where global education was seen as something that comes easier to some subjects than others and that can be hard to make sense of in practice. These understandings should be understood as aspects that are more or less present in their understanding and are thus not mutually exclusive. When analyzing the statistical data, there was a tendency towards the understanding of global education as respect for other peoples and cultures sparking the least ambivalence among the respondents, indicating a weak but present preference for this understanding of global education. The data also points towards a connection between subject and ambition to be a global educator as well as given level of understanding of global education, suggesting that subject has an influence on your perception of the concept – especially so for science teachers. However, a larger sample would be needed to make definite claims in this direction. The thesis concludes that further research on this topic, by building on the categories developed in this study, should aim towards the translation of global education theory into quality educational practice, especially in terms of developing strategies for cohesive implementation

Constructing Global Citizenship Education: An analysis of OECD discourse on global competence

Global Citizenship Education (GCE) has gained increasing conceptual popularity in recent years. The term has been used by governments, NGO’s and international agencies alike to promote a larger inclusion of global skills, values and attitudes in curricula across the world. However, GCE as practice is not a clearly defined framework and may involve many distinct themes and rationalities in its different expressions. A recent development has seen the OECD decide to include global competences as a field for testing in the 2018 round of PISA. As the largest scale attempt yet to measure the outcome of GCE, this decision will have implications for how GCE is conceptualized and approached in the more than seventy countries currently participating in PISA. This thesis therefore examines how the OECD discursively determines GCE by employing discourse theory as developed by Laclau & Mouffe. On the basis of this analysis, the implication of OECD’s discursive articulations for educational practice are discussed. The thesis concludes that the OECD constitutes GCE as an enhancer of global competitiveness, which creates an antagonistic relationship to the cosmopolitan conception of GCE as fostering global community

The anx/anx Mouse – A Valuable Resource in Anorexia Nervosa Research

Animal models are invaluable resources in research concerning the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa (AN), to a large extent since valid clinical samples are rare. None of the existing models can capture all aspects of AN but they are able to mirror the core features of the disorder e.g., elective starvation, emaciation and premature death. The anorectic anx/anx mouse is of particular value for the understanding of the abnormal response to negative energy balance seen in AN. These mice appear normal at birth but gradually develops starvation and emaciation despite full access to food, and die prematurely around three weeks of age. Several changes in hypothalamic neuropeptidergic and -transmitter systems involved in regulating food intake and metabolism have been documented in the anx/anx mouse. These changes are accompanied by signs of inflammation and degeneration in the same hypothalamic regions; including activation of microglia cells and expression of major histocompatibility complex I by microglia and selective neuronal populations. These aberrances are likely related to the dysfunction of complex I (CI) in the oxidative phosphorylation system of the mitochondria, and subsequent increased oxidative stress, which also has been revealed in the hypothalamus of these mice. Interestingly, a similar CI dysfunction has been shown in leukocytes from patients with AN. In addition, a higher expression of the Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 3 gene has been shown in the anx/anx hypothalamus. This agrees with AN being associated with specific variants of the genes for brain derived neurotrophic factor and Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2. The anx/anx mouse is also glucose intolerant and display pancreatic dysfunction related to increased levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and pancreatic inflammation. An increased incidence of eating disorders has been reported for young diabetic women, and as well has increased levels of circulating FFAs in AN. Also similar to individuals with AN, the anx/anx mouse has reduced leptin and increased cholesterol levels in serum. Thus, the anx/anx mouse shares several characteristics with patients with AN, including emaciation, starvation, premature death, diabetic features, increased FFA and low leptin, and is therefore a unique resource in research on the (neuro)biology of AN

Investigation on the Use of Intermediate Crops for Anaerobic Digestion as a Renewable Source of Energy

The eminent dilemma around the relationship between the increasing world population, the need of new fuel sources and environment issues has raised great awareness in the last decades. The European Parliament has set common goals such as the reduction of the greenhouse gases by 20 % by the year of 2020, followed by the requirement of at least 10 % of the fuel has to be biofuel. An adjacent issue is the source of the biofuel, which are currently most of agricultural crop nature. However these energy crops should not compete with food crops and favourably have other features that promotes its usage. Intermediate crops are for example a promising resource since it may reduce the risk of the nutrients leaching since the crop can take up nutrients in the soil. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the potential of six different intermediate crops (hemp, oilseed radish, white mustard, phacelia, sudangrass and hairy vetch) as energy resources under anaerobic digestion condition after 30 days. Hairy vetch showed the highest methane yield (343 m3/ t VS) followed by sudangrass (316 m3/ t VS). Sudangrass showed a slight potential to increase the methane yield (97 % of theoretical yield based on the component analysis for the sudangrass) if steam pretreatment is for instance applied. This relatively high yield result could be attributed to the relatively low lignin content of sudangrass compared to other crops (16 % of TS). An important factor taken into consideration when selecting which crop to investigate for pretreatment was also the methane yield per hectare for sudangrass which had the second highest value (995 Nm3/ ha) after oilseed radish (1217 Nm3/ ha). Other factors were also taken into account in the decision such as: total solids content, how easily the crop is managed in agriculture for example due to water content and the negative impact of shared diseases with other crops. Based on the results and factors discussed above, the crop which had the greatest potential for methane yield improvement but also availability of ensiled material, sudangrass, was further investigated for the pretreatment effects on methane production. The ensiled sudangrass was pressed into a liquid fraction and a solid fraction, where the latter was taken forward to the pretreatment step. The pretreatment conditions studied were steam pretreatment with added catalyst (1 % acetic acid or 2 % sodium hydroxide weight percentage base on total solid of sudangrass, sprayed in the crop) and it was compared to steam pretreatment alone. Also different temperatures (180 °C, 190 °C, 200 °C and 210 °C) and retention times (5 and 10 min) were studied. The sodium hydroxide impregnated crop did not show better yield than the ensiled sudangrass. Quite the contrary: the alkaline catalyst showed in the best case scenario (190 °C and 10 min) a methane production decrease of 12 % compared to the solid fraction of ensiled sudangrass (325 m3/ t VS). On the other hand the acid treatment at 190 °C and 5 min residence time showed an 11 % increase in the same context. The acid treatment at 190 °C and 5 min showed the highest final methane yield (362 m3/ t VS). Conclusively it could be said that all the intermediate crops have a potential for usage in methane production, assuming other aspects are optimized for its usage. Pretreatment can be with advantage be used to improve the methane yield, where there is room for improvement. The question is rather what specific combination of pretreatment conditions will yield the best enhancement and careful investigations should be made before determining the ultimate pretreatment for a specific cropI detta examensarbete har sex olika mellangrödor (hampa, honungsört, oljerättika, sudangräs, luddvicker och vitsenap) undersökts för användning till biogas produktion som ett alternativ för framställning av biobränsle. Miljöfrågor, behovet av nya bränslen och ökningen av världens befolkning har lett till uppmärksamheten för förnybara bränslen det senaste årtiondet. Den Europeiska Unionen har satt gemensamma mål att minska utsläppen av växthusgaserna med 20 % till år 2020, vilket följs av att minst 10 % av bränslena i transportsektorn ska vara förnybara. Biogas är ett av de befintliga alternativa bränslena. Dessutom är det mycket fördelaktigt om råvaran för biogasen inte konkurrerar med jordbruksareal avsedd för livsmedel. De så kallade mellangrödorna blir i kontexten ett mycket bra alternativ eftersom de förebygger kväveläckage genom att fånga upp näringsämne från jorden. En viktig fråga är källan till biobränslet, vilket för närvarande är mest jordbruksgrödor, såsom majs och vete. Den energigröda som används till produktion av biobränsle bör dock inte konkurrera med livsmedelsgrödor utan även ha andra funktioner som främjar dess användning. Mellangrödor är ett lovande material då de bland annat kan förbättra kvalitén i jorden genom att binda näringsämnen och minska näringsläckaget till närliggande vattendrag. Mellangrödor etableras och skördas i ett intervall i grödsekvensen eller växtföljden då marken ligger oanvänd för annan odling, mellan två huvudgrödor. Huvudgrödorna kan till exempel vara potatis, höstvete eller raps. Biogas består till största delen av metan och därefter koldioxid. När våra undersökningar gjordes på metanutbyte blev det oljerättika som gav bäst resultat per hektar, följt av sudangräs. För sudangräs ansågs det finnas utrymme för förbättringar med hjälp av förbehandling. Ensilerat sudangräs valdes därför för ytterligare undersökning. Detta utifrån bland annat beslut om att ensileringen av material blivit bra, hur lätt materialet är att hantera i jordbruket och resultat för metanutbyte per hektar. Undersökningen delades upp i två typer av förbehandlingar, en där det ensilerade sudangräset impregnerades med en syra och en där det impregnerades med en bas. Det ensilerade sudangräset sparades i en vätskefas och en fast fas. Den fasta delen av sudangräset behandlades med ättiksyra eller med natriumhydroxid. Därefter ångförbehandlades sudangräset och under ångförbehandlingen testades olika temperaturer och uppehållstider. Den förbehandling som gav högst metanutbyte var syra-katalyserad sudangräs ångförbehandlat i 190 °C och med 5 minuters uppehållstid. Undersökningen visade att sudangräs katalyserad med natriumhydroxid som bas inte gav bra resultat, då metanutbytet var lägre än både färskt material och ensilerat sudangräs. Analyser på såväl färska mellangrödor, ensilerat material samt förbehandlat sudangräs har gjorts med avseende på komponentanalyser och undersökningar för metanutbyte. Det har tagits fram hur mycket socker, biprodukter och lignin som de olika materialen innehåller. Med analys av dessa resultat tillsammans med resultat för metanutbyte gjordes slutsatser både för färska mellangrödor och för det förbehandlade sudangräset. Slutligen kom vi fram till att syrakatalyserad ångförbehandling på sudangräs gav bättre metanutbyte än baskatalyserad

Approaching responsibility: A sensory approach to reflexivity on researcher-participant relations

Feminist researchers have long argued that refl exivity is key to a responsible research practice. As a method, reflexivity has the capacity to reveal power relations and highlight situated perspectives. Consequently, it has become a mainstream tool in qualitative research. Yet it has also been criticised for producing tick-the-box reflections and promoting a researcher-centric narrative that undermines participants’ contributions to knowledge production. This article takes a sensory approach to reflexivity and considers its methodological implications. Borrowing our interpretation of recognisability from Skeggs (1997), and that of emplacement from Pink’s (2015) conceptualisation of sensory ethnography, we use the compound concept of ‘recognisable emplacement’ as a reflexive theoretical lens with which to analyse the researcher-participant relationship. We are furthermore methodologically inspired by duo-ethnography in that we as co-authors create a collective and reflexive space for analysis. The analysis therefore enables us to illustrate the dynamic negotiations between participants, environment, and researcher, and to shed light on the sensory cues that form these negotiations. Based on an understanding of responsibility as a multifaceted and situated practice we suggest that a sensory approach to reflexivity increases the researcher’s capacity to take responsibility by foregrounding the intersubjectivity of researcher-participant relations.Feminist researchers have long argued that refl exivity is key to a responsible research practice. As a method, reflexivity has the capacity to reveal power relations and highlight situated perspectives. Consequently, it has become a mainstream tool in qualitative research. Yet it has also been criticised for producing tick-the-box reflections and promoting a researcher-centric narrative that undermines participants’ contributions to knowledge production. This article takes a sensory approach to reflexivity and considers its methodological implications. Borrowing our interpretation of recognisability from Skeggs (1997), and that of emplacement from Pink’s (2015) conceptualisation of sensory ethnography, we use the compound concept of ‘recognisable emplacement’ as a reflexive theoretical lens with which to analyse the researcher-participant relationship. We are furthermore methodologically inspired by duo-ethnography in that we as co-authors create a collective and reflexive space for analysis. The analysis therefore enables us to illustrate the dynamic negotiations between participants, environment, and researcher, and to shed light on the sensory cues that form these negotiations. Based on an understanding of responsibility as a multifaceted and situated practice we suggest that a sensory approach to reflexivity increases the researcher’s capacity to take responsibility by foregrounding the intersubjectivity of researcher-participant relations

Simultaneous Visualization of Both Signaling Cascade Activity and End-Point Gene Expression in Single Cells

We have developed an approach for simultaneous detection of individual endogenous protein modifications and mRNA molecules in single cells in situ. For this purpose we combined two methods previously developed in our lab: in situ proximity ligation assay for the detection of individual protein interactions and -modifications and in situ detection of single mRNA molecules using padlock probes. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrated the utility of the method for simultaneous detection of phosphorylated PDGFRβ and DUSP6/MKP-3 mRNA molecules in individual human fibroblasts upon PDGF-BB stimulation. Further we applied drugs disrupting the PDGFRβ signaling pathway at various sites to show that this combined method can concurrently monitor the molecular effect of the drugs, i.e. inhibition of downstream signaling from the targeted node in the signaling pathway. Due to its ability to detect different types of molecules in single cells in situ the method presented here can contribute to a deeper understanding of cell-to-cell variations and can be applied to e.g. pinpoint effector sites of drugs in a signaling pathway

Det digitala vårdmötet: En kvalitativ studie om hur Min Doktor arbetar med varumärkesbyggande och relationsskapande marknadskommunikation

Health care has always been based on the physical encounter and the relationship between doctor and patient, but the development of digital healthcare has changed these conditions. Therefore, this study intends to explore how Swedish digital healthcare centers are trying to create and maintain relationships with their patients, and how they communicate with their external stakeholders in order to position their brand. To find this out, one of the largest players in digital primary care in Sweden, Min Doktor, and their marketing communications is investigated. The study thus intends to increase knowledge about brand and relationship building communications in the development of Sweden’s digital healthcare. With a hermeneutic approach, a qualitative triangulation has been conducted through analysis of interviews and documents. Based on relevant theories and concepts within the field of strategic communication, the empirical material has been contextualised. The analysis shows that Min Doktor works actively with branding to strengthen their position as a digital healthcare provider in the Swedish market. This is primarily done online and by having a quality that permeates both the communication and the service itself, by actively respond to criticism and by a clear identity system. Furthermore, it appears that Min Doktor is making several communicative actions that are positive for their relationship building, which include the organisation’s name and logotype, a personal tone and offering additional free services. Finally, the fact that the digital healthcare has contributed to the ongoing change in the power balance between doctor and patient is highlighted

Generationsskifterådgivares hantering av mjuka värden

Den svenska lantbruksbranschen står inför ett omfattande generationsskifte då en tredjedel av alla lantbrukare är över 65 år. Lyckade generationsskiften krävs för att branschen ska överleva och för att en yngre generation kunna driva vidare företagen. Generationsskiftesrådgivare arbetar med att vägleda företagare genom generationsskiften. För att lyckas arbetar rådgivarna med att hantera mjuka värden. Mjuka värden är ett flytande begrepp men innefattar ledord som tillit, känslor, kommunikation, värderingar och familjerelationer. Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka hur generationsskiftesrådgivare i praktiken arbetar med mjuka värden. Kvalitativa intervjuer med 5 rådgivare kommer att genomföras. Alla rådgivare har en lång erfarenhet inom branschen och är specialister på generationsskiften. Resultatet av denna studie konstaterar att samtliga rådgivare har ett likande arbetssätt för att hantera mjuka värden. Dock utmärker sig några av rådgivarna med ett större personligt intresse för mjuka värden och att de använder kommunikationsmetoder på olika sätt. Rådgivarnas olika faser genom processen skiljer sig något.The Swedish agricultural business is heading for an extensive succession due to one third of the farmers being more than 65 years old. Successful successions are therefore necessary for the business to survive and for the younger generation to thrive. Professional advisors guide families through their farm successions. To succeed the advisors have to pay attention to soft issues. Soft issues are a collective name for trust, emotions, communication, values and family relations. This study aims to examine how advisors practically work with soft issues. The study will consist of qualitative interviews with 5 different advisors. All the interviewees have an extensive experience of the industry. The result of this study show that all the advisors have similar operation methods. Some of the advisors distinguish themselves by having a bigger personal interest in soft issues. They also use different types of communication methods. The advisor’s methods through the farm succession also has a few variations