Latitudinal variation of foF2 hysteresis of solar cycles 20, 21 and 22 and its application to the analysis of long-term trends

F2 monthly median values for equinoctial months of solar cycles 20, 21 and 22, were analyzed for 37 worldwide stations. For each solar cycle and for a given , the difference between F2 in the falling branch of the cycle and the corresponding value of the rising branch is evaluated. The maximum difference, considered as the hysteresis magnitude, varies systematically with geomagnetic latitude. The pattern is similar for every cycle, with greater hysteresis magnitudes for stronger solar cycles. It is positive between 45S and 45N, with minimum values at equatorial latitudes and maximum at around 25-30 on either side of the equator. For latitudes greater than 50 negative values are observed. At around 25?30 and at high latitudes the hysteresis magnitude reaches 2MHz for solar cycle with high activity levels, which represents around 20% of F2. The effects of F2 hysteresis on the analysis of long-term data sequences is analyzed. In the case of long-term trend analysis, the hysteresis behavior may induce spurious trends as a consequence of the filtering processes applied to F2 time series previous to trend values estimation. This problem may be solved by considering time series covering several solar cycles. F2 monthly median values for equinoctial months of solar cycles 20, 21 and 22, were analyzed for 37 worldwide stations. For each solar cycle and for a given Rz, the difference between F2 in the falling branch of the cycle and the corresponding value of the rising branch is evaluated. The maximum difference, considered as the hysteresis magnitude, varies systematically with geomagnetic latitude. The pattern is similar for every cycle, with greater hysteresis magnitudes for stronger solar cycles. It is positive between 45S and 45N, with minimum values at equatorial latitudes and maximum at around 25?30 on either side of the equator. For latitudes greater than 50 negative values are observed. At around 25?30 and at high latitudes the hysteresis magnitude reaches 2MHz for solar cycle with high activity levels, which represents around 20% of F2. The effects of F2 hysteresis on the analysis of long-term data sequences is analyzed. In the case of long-term trend analysis, the hysteresis behavior may induce spurious trends as a consequence of the filtering processes applied to F2 time series previous to trend values estimation. This problem may be solved by considering time series covering several solar cycles.Fil: Ortiz de Adler, Nieves del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; ArgentinaFil: Elias, Ana Georgina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentin

Protocolos de actuación contra el acoso laboral en la universidad: especial referencia a la Universidad de Salamanca

[ES] En el siguiente trabajo se explica el protocolo que está siendo elaborado en la universidad de Salamanca para la prevención del acoso en el entorno laboral. Se indica su ámbito de aplicación, las conductas consideradas como acoso, el procedimiento a seguir, los derechos de las personas solicitantes, las diferencias existentes respecto a la conformación de la Comisión de Prevención del acoso en el entorno laboral, siendo éste el órgano encargado de tomar las decisiones definitivas en los procedimientos que se incoen.[EU] Ondorengo lanean Salamancako Unibertsitatean burutzen ari den lan arloko jazarpenari buruzko protokoloa azaltzen da. Bere aplikazio eremua, jazarpen bezala ulertzen diren jarrerak, jarraitu beharreko prozedura, eskatzailearen eskubideak, Lan Arloko Jazarpenaren Prebentziorako Komisioaren konformazioaren diferentziak, hau izanik erabakiak hartzen dituen organoa.[FR] Cet article explique le protocole qui est développé à l’Université de Salamanca pour la prévention du harcèlement en milieu de travail. Sont envisagés sa portée, les comportements considérés comme harcèlement, la procédure à suivre, les droits des requérants, les différences existant en ce qui concerne la mise en place de la Commission pour la Prévention du Harcèlement en Milieu de Travail, qui est l’organisme responsable de prendre les décisions finales dans les procédures qui soient ouverts.[EN] The next job explains the protocol that is carrying out the University of Salamanca for the prevention of harassment in the workplace; its area of application, behaviors that constitute harassment, the procedure, the rights of applicants, the differences regarding the formation of the Committee on Prevention of Harassment in the Workplace, which is the body that takes the final decisions in the proceedings

Stabilization of Polymeric Nanofibers Layers for Use as Real-Time and In-Flow Photonic Sensors

In order to increase the sensitivity of a sensor, the relationship between its volume and the surface available to be functionalized is of great importance. Accordingly, porous materials are becoming very relevant, because they have a notable surface-to-volume ratio. Moreover, they offer the possibility to infiltrate the target substances on them. Among other porous structures, polymeric nanofibers (NFs) layers fabricated by electrospinning have emerged as a very promising alternative to low-cost and easy-to-produce high-performance photonic sensors. However, experimental results show a spectrum drift when performing sensing measurements in real-time. That drift is responsible for a significant error when trying to determine the refractive index variation for a target solution, and, because of that, for the detection of the presence of certain analytes. In order to avoid that problem, different chemical and thermal treatments were studied. The best results were obtained for thermal steps at 190 °C during times between 3 and 5 h. As a result, spectrum drifts lower than 5 pm/min and sensitivities of 518 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) in the visible range of the spectrum were achieved in different electrospun NFs sensors.This work was supported by the Spanish government through the project TEC2015-63838-C3-1-ROPTONANOSENS and from the Basque government through the project KK-2019/00101 -µ4INDUSTR

Dual refractive index and viscosity sensing using polymeric nanofibers optical structures

Porous materials have demonstrated to be ideal candidates for the creation of optical sensors with very high sensitivities. This is due both to the possibility of infiltrating the target substances into them and to their notable surface-to-volume ratio that provides a larger biosensing area. Among porous structures, polymeric nanofibers (NFs) layers fabricated by electrospinning have emerged as a very promising alternative for the creation of low-cost and easy-to-produce high performance optical sensors, for example, based on Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometers. However, the sensing performance of these polymeric NFs sensors is limited by the low refractive index contrast between the NFs porous structure and the target medium when performing in-liquid sensing experiments, which determines a very low amplitude of the FP interference fringes appearing in the spectrum. This problem has been solved with the deposition of a thin metal layer (∼ 3 nm) over the NFs sensing layer. We have successfully used these metal-coated FP NFs sensors to perform several real-time and in-flow refractive index sensing experiments. From these sensing experiments, we have also determined that the sponge-like structure of the NFs layer suffers an expansion/compression process that is dependent of the viscosity of the analyzed sample, what thus gives the possibility to perform a simultaneous dual sensing of refractive index and viscosity of a fluid

Earth magnetic field and geomagnetic activity effects on long-term trends in the F2 layer at mid-high latitudes

It is well known that the Earth magnetic field, as well as geomagnetic activity, presents long-term variations.Both phenomena affect the height of the F2 layer peak, hmF2, and the maximum electron concentration estimated by foF2. Experimental data of three mid-high latitude stations (Argentine Islands, Slough and Uppsala) were used to estimate foF2 long-term trends.These trends were compared with a theoretical approximation considering long-term variations in the Earth magnetic field, and also with a qualitative assessment of geomagnetic activity increasing trend effects. Although the agreement between experimental and theoretically approximated trends is not within a desired acceptance level, the ability of the Earth?s magnetic field variations to produce trends in the F2 layer of the ionosphere may be an important result. Long-term trends in geomagnetic activity could possibly explain some discrepancies such as the seasonal pattern of Slough and Uppsala, with lesser negative trends in winter, and also the similarity in the trend pattern of both northern stations.Fil: Elias, Ana Georgina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz de Adler, Nieves del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Argentin

foF2 long-term trends at the southern crest of the equatorial anomaly

Long-term trends in the electron density of the ionosphere for the period 1957-1986 is studied using foF2 monthly median hourly data measured at Tucuman (26.9S, 65.4W), a station located at the southern crest of the equatorial anomaly. The linear trend for each hour and each month is estimated after filtering out the effects of solar activity. For the intervals 0-2 LT and 9-23 LT, during equinoxes and summer solstice, the trend is negative. Statistically null or slightly positive trends are observed for the interval 3-8 LT for every season, and for every hour of winter months. The daily amplitude of foF2 decreases since 1957 due to the decreasing trend in the maximum daily values and almost null-trended minimum daily values. A rough estimate, based on the dip angle trend (which in Tucuman has increased during the 30-year interval at a rate of 0.35%/year), indicates that negative foF2 trends should be expected during daytime hours, and positive trends during night-time hours, behaviour observed in the foF2 data here analyzed.Fil: Elias, Ana Georgina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz de Adler, Nieves del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Argentin

The vagueness of the Spanish model of school leaders’ preparation

Las investigaciones sobre dirección escolar en los últimos años vienen a demostrar la influencia que ejercen los líderes en los buenos resultados de las escuelas. Esta realidad ha generado un interés creciente por desarrollar programas formativos para directores y directoras que les ayuden a desarrollar competencias necesarias para el ejercicio del cargo. Nuestra investigación demuestra que en España existe interés por la formación de los directivos, aunque no existe un modelo claramente definido para todo el territorio español. La descentralización de los programas de formación, en manos de las diecisiete Comunidades Autonómicas, supone el desarrollo de diferentes modelos formativos en los que los contenidos sobre gestión siempre están presentes, acercándose con ello al desarrollo de una dirección tecnocrática. Lo anterior no siempre se complementa con objetivos y contenidos más orientados hacia un liderazgo pedagógico que incorpore cuestiones relacionadas con el currículum, la evaluación, la innovación o la formación del profesoradoIn recent years, research on school leadership has put in evidence the strong influence that headteachers have over educational success. It has provoked an increasing interest to develop training programs in order to help the principals to acquire the skills needed for that challenge. Our research evidence that although the interest in principals’ training has also increase in Spain, the model is far from being clear and well defined for the whole country. Due to a decentralized educational system, administered with a high level of autonomy in each of the 17 autonomous communities, a very different array of training programs and structures has been developed. While management issues are included in all of them, it is not always the case of contents and practices related to instructional leadership, such as curriculum development, teachers and programs assessment, innovation or teachers training. That provokes a technocratic leadership approach that need to be revise