The Effects of Deep Water Running and Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused from any type of activity that places unaccustomed loads on a muscle. Athletes are consistently pursuing methods to help decrease soreness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of deep water running (DWR) and cold water immersion (CWI) on perceived muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) activity. Healthy participants (males=2, females =12; mean ± SD, 22.8 + 4.9 yrs; 38.0 + 7.8 yrs VO2max; 113.6 + 27.3 lbs 1RM) completed five days of data collection. Seven days following a 1 repetition maximum (1RM), participants completed an eccentric exercise bout on the prone hamstring curl (4 sets of 10 repetitions, 120% 1 RM). Immediately following the exercise protocol, participants were randomized to one of three treatments: (1) CWI protocol (5 min in water 10 °C, 2.5 min out, 5 min in water 10 °C), (2) DWR protocol (10 min at 60% age predicted heart rate max), or (3) control (CON) protocol (sit quietly for 10 min). Blood was collected at 4 time points: pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, 24 h postexercise, and 48 h postexercise. Perceived muscle soreness was measured using a visual analogue scale (0-10 pain). There were no differences in creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness across trials. Creatine kinase activity significantly increased from baseline (mean=24.5, SD=40.4 Units/L) to 48 h postexercise (mean=165.1, SD=85.3 Units/L) and perceived muscle soreness (pre=.4, SD=.7, post=5.6, SD=2.2) was significantly greater 48 h post eccentric bout (

A systematic global stocktake of evidence on human adaptation to climate change

Assessing global progress on human adaptation to climate change is an urgent priority. Although the literature on adaptation to climate change is rapidly expanding, little is known about the actual extent of implementation. We systematically screened >48,000 articles using machine learning methods and a global network of 126 researchers. Our synthesis of the resulting 1,682 articles presents a systematic and comprehensive global stocktake of implemented human adaptation to climate change. Documented adaptations were largely fragmented, local and incremental, with limited evidence of transformational adaptation and negligible evidence of risk reduction outcomes. We identify eight priorities for global adaptation research: assess the effectiveness of adaptation responses, enhance the understanding of limits to adaptation, enable individuals and civil society to adapt, include missing places, scholars and scholarship, understand private sector responses, improve methods for synthesizing different forms of evidence, assess the adaptation at different temperature thresholds, and improve the inclusion of timescale and the dynamics of responses