Denitrification In A Simple Wastewater Treatment System [desnitrificação Em Um Sistema Simplificado De Tratamento De Esgoto]

In this research, three anaerobic filters were operated with a 9 hour hydraulic detention time, and its effluent was disposed on four sand filters' bed in different application rates. On the first sand filter, 50 L.m-2 were disposed once a day. On the second, the third and the fourth filters, the same load was disposed in twice, three and four times a day, distributed between 9 am and 4 pm, corresponding to rates of 100, 150 and 200 L.m-2.d-1. After the sand filter, the effluent was conducted to the denitrification reactors filled up with grit. As result, the sand filters have shown a great nitrification capacity and, after the external carbon adding, the denitrification reactor, where 50 L.m-2 was disposed a day, showed a decrease of 43.5% in N-total concentration.184381392(2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION (APHA), AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (AWWA), WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION (WEF)., 21st ed. Washington DC, USA: American Public Health Association, 2005(1995) NBR 6502: Rochas e solos: Análise granulométrica conjunta, , ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS., São Paulo, 1995Resolução no 357 de 17 de março de 2005. Dispõe sobre a classificação dos corpos de água e diretrizes ambientais para o seu enquadramento, bem como estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes, e dá outras providências (2005) Diário Oficial da União, pp. 58-63. , http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/processos/61AA3835/LivroConama.pdf, BRASIL. CONSELHO NACIONAL DE MEIO AMBIENTE (CONAMA)., n. 53, de 18 de março de 2005,. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 28 nov. 2012Resolução no 357 de 17 de março de 2005. Dispõe sobre as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes, complementa e altera a Resolução no 357 (2011) Diário Oficial da União, pp. 58-63. , http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/processos/61AA3835/LivroConama.pdf, BRASIL. CONSELHO NACIONAL DE MEIO AMBIENTE (CONAMA)., n. 53, de 13 de maio De 2011,. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 28 nov. 2012Camargo, S.A.R., Nour, E.A.A., Bamboo as an anaerobic medium: Effect of filter column height (2001) Water Science and Technology, 44 (4), pp. 63-70Çeçen, F., Gonenç, I.E., Criteria for nitrification and denitrification of high-strength wastes in two upflow submerged filters (1995) Water Environmental Research, 67 (2), pp. 132-142Deliberação Normativa no 1 de 5 de maio de 2008. Estabelece normas e padrões para qualidade das águas, lançamento de efluentes nas coleções de águas, e dá outras providências (2008) Diário do Executivo de Minas Gerais, , http://http://www.siam.mg.gov.br/sla/download.pdf?idNorma=8151, CONSELHO ESTADUAL DE POLÍTICA AMBIENTAL (COPAM)., de 13 de maio de 2008. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 20 ago. 2013Dinçer, A.R., Kargi, F., Kinetics of sequential nitrification and denitrification processes (2000) Enzyme and Microbial Technolog, 27, pp. 37-42Eisentraeger, A., Klag, P., Vansbotter, B., Heymann, H., Dott, W., Denitrification of groundwater with methane as sole hydrogen donor (2001) Water Research, 35 (9), pp. 2261-2267(1994) Water quality for agriculture-Irrigation and drainage paper, , FAO-ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS PARA AGRICULTURA E ALIMENTAÇÃOFaria, L.C., Pasquini, C., Flow-injection determination of inorganic forms of nitrogen by gas diffusion and conductimetry (1991) Analytical Chemical Acta, 245, pp. 183-190Foresti, E., Zaiat, M., Vallero, M., Anaerobic processes as the core technology for sustainable domestic wastewater treatment (2006) Review in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 5, pp. 3-19Henze, M., Harremoes, P., Jansen, J.L.C., Arvin, E., (1997) Wastewater Treatment: Biological and Chemical Process, , Berlim: Springer. 2 edHer, J., Huang, J., Influences of carbon source and C/N ratio on nitrate/nitrite denitrification and carbon breakthrougn (1995) Bioresource Technology, 54, pp. 45-51(2003) Wastewater engineering, treatment, disposal and reuse, , METCALF e EDDY., 4 ed. Nova Iorque: McGraw-Hill, International EditionsSurampalli, R.Y., Tyagi, R.D., Scheible, O.K., Heidman, J.A., Nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal in sequential bath reactor (1997) Bioresearch Tecnhnology, 61, pp. 151-157Tonetti, A.L., Coraucci Filho, B., Nicolau, C.E., Barbosa, M., Tonon, D., Tratamento de esgoto e produção de água de reúso com o emprego de filtros de areia (2012) Revista Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 17, pp. 287-294Tonetti, A.L., Coraucci Filho, B., Bertoncini, E.I., Oliveira, R.A., Stefanutti, R., Avaliação de um sistema simplificado de tratamento de esgotos visando a utilização em áreas rurais (2010) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 14 (2), pp. 227-234(1993) Manual nitrogen control, , USEPA-UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY., Washington DC, EUAVan Haandel, A., Marais, G.O., (1999) Comportamento do sistema de lodos ativados, , Campina Grande: EPGRAFVan Rijn, J., Tal, Y., Schreier, H.J., Denitrification in recirculating systems: Theory and applications (2006) Aquacultural Engineering, 34, pp. 364-37

Wastewater Treatment And Reuse Water Production Using Sand Filters [tratamento De Esgoto E Produção De água De Reúso Com O Emprego De Filtros De Areia]

In this research it was studied a system composed by the anaerobic filter combined with a sand filter for the wastewater treatment. For this, three anaerobic filters were operated with hydraulic detention time of nine hours which had the effluent disposed over four sand filters in different frequencies of application. On the first sand filter, 50 L.m-2 were applied once a day. On the second, the third and the fourth filters, the same load was disposed in twice, three and four times a day, distributed between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. The system presented a final effluent suitable for the COD and BOD legislation maximum limit to be discharged into water body (Decreto Paulista n° 8,468/1976), showing the viability of dispose a higher quantity of effluent then the one suggested by NBR 13969/1997, which guides the constructive aspects for this kind of treatment.173287294(2005) Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATIONAMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATIONWATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION (APHAAWWAWEF), 19th ed. New York: American Public Health Association(1995) NBR 6502: Rochas E Solos: Análise Granulométrica Conjunta, , ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, São PauloNBR 13969: Tanques sépticos: Unidades de tratamento complementar e disposição final dos efluentes líquidos (1997) Projeto, Construção E Operação, , ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, São PauloAusland, G., Stevik, T.K., Hanssen, J.F., Kohler, J.C., Jenssen, P.D., Intermittent filtration of wastewater - removal of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci (2002) Water Research, 36 (14), pp. 3507-3516Camargo, S.A.R., Nour, E.A.A., Bamboo as an anaerobic medium: Effect of filter column height (2001) Water Science and Technology, 44 (4), pp. 63-70Capra, A., Scicolone, B., Water quality and distribution uniformity in drip/trickle irrigation systems (1998) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 70 (4), pp. 355-365Chernicharo, C., (2008) Reatores Anaeróbios, , Belo Horizonte: UFMG(1986) Diário Do Executivo De Minas Gerais De 10 De Janeiro De 1987, , http://www.siam.mg.gov.br/sla/download.pdf?idNorma=91, CONSELHO ESTADUAL DE POLÍTICA AMBIENTAL (COPAM), Deliberação Normativa n° 10 de 16 de dezembro de 1986.Estabelece normas e padrões para qualidade das águas, lançamento de efluentes nas coleções de águas, e dá outras providências, Disponível, em, Acesso em: 28 nov. 2012Dispõe sobre a classificação dos corpos de água e diretrizes ambientais para o seu enquadramento, bem como estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes, e dá outras providências (2005) Diário Oficial Da União, 53, pp. 58-63. , http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/processos/61AA3835/LivroConama.pdf, CONSELHO NACIONAL DE MEIO AMBIENTE (CONAMA), Resolução n° 357 de 17 de março de 2005, de 18 de março de, Disponível em, Acesso em: 28 nov. 2012Couto, L.C.C., Figueiredo, R.F., Filtro anaeróbio com bambu para tratamento de esgotos domésticos (1992) Congreso Interamericano De Ingenieria Sanitaria Y Ambiental, pp. 329-340. , AIDIS, La Habana, Cuba(2008) Pesquisa Nacional De Saneamento Básico, , http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/pnsb2008/PNSB_2008.pdf, INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE), Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. Disponível em, Acesso em: 28 nov. 2012Jordão, E.P., Pessoa, C.A., (2005) Tratamento De Esgotos Domésticos, , 3a ed. Rio de Janeiro: ABES(2003) Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, , METCALFEDDY, 4th ed. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, International EditionsGuidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: Recommendations for revising WHO guidelines (2000) Bulletin of World Health Organization, 78 (9). , ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DA SAÚDE (OMS)GenebraTonetti, A.L., Coraucci, F.B., Bertoncini, E.I., Oliveira, R.A., Stefanutti, R., Avaliação de um sistema simplificado de tratamento de esgotos visando a utilização em áreas rurais (2010) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 14 (2), pp. 227-234Tonetti, A.L., Coraucci, F.B., Guimarães, J.R., Cruz, L.M.O., Nakamura, M.S., Avaliação da partida e operação de filtros anaeróbios tendo bambu como material de recheio (2011) Revista Engenharia Sanitária E Ambiental, 16 (1), pp. 11-16von Sperling, M., (2009) Introdução a Qualidade Das Águas E Ao Tratamento De Esgotos, p. 452. , 2a ed. Belo Horizonte: UFM

Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets

OBJECTIVE: Some studies have suggested alterations of structural brain asymmetry in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been contradictory and based on small samples. Here, we performed the largest ever analysis of brain left-right asymmetry in ADHD, using 39 datasets of the ENIGMA consortium. METHODS: We analyzed asymmetry of subcortical and cerebral cortical structures in up to 1,933 people with ADHD and 1,829 unaffected controls. Asymmetry Indexes (AIs) were calculated per participant for each bilaterally paired measure, and linear mixed effects modeling was applied separately in children, adolescents, adults, and the total sample, to test exhaustively for potential associations of ADHD with structural brain asymmetries. RESULTS: There was no evidence for altered caudate nucleus asymmetry in ADHD, in contrast to prior literature. In children, there was less rightward asymmetry of the total hemispheric surface area compared to controls (t = 2.1, p = .04). Lower rightward asymmetry of medial orbitofrontal cortex surface area in ADHD (t = 2.7, p = .01) was similar to a recent finding for autism spectrum disorder. There were also some differences in cortical thickness asymmetry across age groups. In adults with ADHD, globus pallidus asymmetry was altered compared to those without ADHD. However, all effects were small (Cohen's d from -0.18 to 0.18) and would not survive study-wide correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION: Prior studies of altered structural brain asymmetry in ADHD were likely underpowered to detect the small effects reported here. Altered structural asymmetry is unlikely to provide a useful biomarker for ADHD, but may provide neurobiological insights into the trait

Erratum: Antimicrobials: A global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA). [World J Emerg Surg. 11, (2016) (33)] DOI: 10.1186/s13017-016-0089-y

The original article [1] contains an error whereby a co-author, Boris Sakakushev has their family name spelt incorrectly as 'Sakakhushev'. The authors would therefore like it known that the correct spelling of the family name is 'Sakakushev'. © The Author(s)