The forefathers of "Indigenismo" in Argentina

Los discursos narrativos en busca de una identidad nacional que se fueron produciendo en Argentina después de la Organización Nacional coincidieron con la llegada masiva de inmigrantes y la finalización de la Conquista del Desierto, con la que se consiguió, si no exterminar, sí asimilar a miles de indígenas. Sin embargo, ante la excesiva cosmopolitización de Buenos Aires, surgieron voces que clamaban por una autenticación de la argentinidad. Ciertos escritores del interior que ya contaban con el beneplácito de la intelectualidad bonaerense comenzaron a publicar discursos nativistas como oposición a las nuevas tendencias extranjerizantes en un intento por la rehabilitación de una tradición nacional y en un espacio editorial menos competitivo, pero también como un retroceso al pasado bucólico que solo el interior del país podía representar. En este artículo se abordarán los discursos regionalistas que dieron voz a la realidad indígena que había sido olvidada como depositaria de la identidad nacional, como las obras de Joaquín V. González y de Ricardo Rojas. Estos discursos, junto a las indagaciones arqueológicas de Juan Bautista Ambrosetti, Lafone Quevedo y Adán Quiroga, contribuyeron a revalorizar el pasado indígena argentino y a renovar la imagen del indio quien, sin embargo, aún sufría la invisibilidad y la explotación, hechos que sí supo ver aisladamente Juana Manuela Gorriti en su cuento “Si haces mal no esperes bien” de 1860. Aunque la denuncia social en la literatura se produjo algunas décadas más tarde, las tendencias herderianas de principios de siglo sirvieron de acicate para un desarrollo posterior plenamente indigenista.The narrative discourses looking for a national identity in Argentina after the period known as Organización Nacional were produced at the time of the massive arriving of immigrants and once finished the Conquest of the Desert, that achieved, if not the extermination, the assimilation of thousands of native peoples. However, in view of the excessive cosmpolitanization of Buenos Aires, there were some voices that clamored for an authentication of Argentineness. Some inland writers that already had the blessing of Buenos Aires intelligentsia started to publish nativist discourses as an opposition to the new foreign trends in an attempt to reinstate the national tradition in a less competitive editorial area, but also as a retreat to a bucolic past that could only be represented by the inlands. In this article, the regionalist discourses that gave a voice to the native reality that had been forgotten as the holder of the national identity will be tackled, such as the works of. Joaquín V. González and Ricardo Rojas.These discourses, together with the archeological investigations of Juan Bautista Ambrosetti, Lafone Quevedo and Adán Quiroga contributed to reevaluate the Argentinian native past and to renovate the image of the Indian, who, however, suffered invisibility and exploitation. Juana Manuela Gorriti was the only one that was able to reflect these injustices in her tale “Si haces mal no esperes bien” in 1860. Even though the social denounce was produced a few decades later, the Herderian tendencies at the beginning of 20th century served as an incentive for a fully indigenista development

Indigenista narrative in Argentina. A double condemnation

Desde tiempos de José Carlos Mariátegui, la crítica literaria indigenista viene articulando un discurso etnocentrista cuyo eje de producción se sitúa en Perú y los países vecinos, pero rara vez se ha mencionado una obra argentina que trate sobre las desigualdades que sufren los indígenas de ese país. Ni siquiera la academia argentina ha analizado ninguna novela desde la óptica indigenista.En un país cuyos gobiernos, desde el siglo XIX, han tratado de borrar cualquier traza de sangre indígena en su población, ya sea mediante la asimilación, exterminio o invisibilidad, y cuyas zonas de mayor asentamiento indígena se encuentran lejos del hegemónico Buenos Aires, las narraciones de problemas sociales ajenos quedaban encajonadas en el recóndito mundo de la literatura regional.Sin embargo, durante los años de eclosión del movimiento indigenista, escritores argentinos se hicieron eco de los sufrimientos y demandas de sus compatriotas indígenas por medio de novelas que sobrepasaron el peyorativo epíteto regionalista y que incomprensiblemente, han sido olvidadas.En este artículo, que forma parte de un estudio más amplio, se aborda el silencio crítico, se contextualiza la producción indigenista de la época y se analizan brevemente algunas de las obras.From the times of José Carlos Mariátegui, Indigenismo literary criticism has been articulating an ethnocentric discourse which production core is located in Peru and surrounding countries. However, rarely an Argentinian work that deals about inequalities of indigenous peoples has been mentioned, not even the Argentinian academia itself. In a country whose governments, from mid-19th c have been trying to erase any trace of indigenous blood in its population, by means of assimilation, extermination or invisibility, and whose major indigenous areas are placed far from the hegemonic Buenos Aires, social novels were pushed aside in the world of regional literature.However, during the blooming of the Indigenista movement, Argentinian writers echoed the sufferings and demands of their indigenous fellows by means of novels that overpassed the regionalist pejorative epithet and, beyond all understanding, have been forgotten. In this article, that is part of a major work, the silence from the critics is approached, the Indigenista production is contextualized and some of their works are briefly analyzed

Wearable Structured Light System in Non-Rigid Configuration

Traditionally, structured light methods have been studied in rigid configurations. In these configurations the position and orientation between the light emitter and the camera are fixed and known beforehand. In this paper we break with this rigidness and present a new structured light system in non-rigid configuration. This system is composed by a wearable standard perspective camera and a simple laser emitter. Our non-rigid configuration permits free motion of the light emitter with respect to the camera. The point-based pattern emitted by the laser permits us to easily establish correspondences between the image from the camera and a virtual one generated from the light emitter. Using these correspondences, our method computes rotation and translation up to scale of the planes of the scene where the point pattern is projected and reconstructs them. This constitutes a very useful tool for navigation applications in indoor environments, which are mainly composed of planar surfaces

Microclimatic modifications under polypropylene protection for horticultural crops in Córdoba, Spain

A cobertura de plantas com o material “não tecido” de polipropileno constitui uma das técnicas mais recentes utilizada para proteção de cultivos hortícolas. Dentro deste tema, foram conduzidos quatro experimentos na área experimental do “Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario”, em Córdoba, Espanha. Avaliou- se a amplitude das modificações das temperaturas do ar e do solo, da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e o conseqüente efeito sobre a produção de couve-chinesa, beterraba, espinafre e alface cultivados sob proteção do “não tecido” de polipropileno (PP) e em ambiente natural (AN), durante a primavera, outono e inverno de 1995/1996. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As temperaturas do ar e do solo sob PP foram maiores que em AN na fase inicial de crescimento das espécies estudadas, com diferenças de até 5,5 e 2,2oC para temperaturas do ar e do solo, respectivamente. Entretanto, com o crescimento das culturas, os valores de temperatura do tratamento PP tenderam a se igualar ao tratamento AN, tanto para temperatura do ar como do solo. Para couve chinesa e espinafre, a temperatura do ar sob PP foi até 3,1oC menor que a observada em condições naturais depois da metade e final do ciclo, respectivamente. Para couve-chinesa, beterraba e espinafre cultivados sob PP, as modificações do microclima favoreceram a maior precocidade e produção quando comparadas às plantas cultivadas em AN. Entretanto, para a cultura da alface o aumento das temperaturas do ar e solo sob PP em relação a AN não resultou em aumento da produção final. Neste caso, os baixos níveis de radiação incidente sob o “não tecido” e o prolongado período de precipitação ocorrido durante os meses de inverno interferiram negativamente sobre o crescimento da espécie, sendo recomendado a retirada da proteção de plantas nesta condição climática.Plants cover with a nonwoven polypropylene protection comprises one of the most recent techniques for protecting horticultural crops. Four experiments have been conducted at the experimental area of the “Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario” in Córdoba, Spain. The aim of this study was to evaluated the air and soil temperature amplitudes and the photosynthetically active radiation and its effects on the production of chinese cabbage, table beet, spinach and lettuce grown under nonwoven polypropylene protection (PP) and also at environment conditions (AN) during the spring, autumn and winter of 1995/1996. The experiments were carried out in a randomized blocks design with four replications. Air and soil temperatures under PP were higher than those ones at AN conditions during initial growth period for all studied species, with differences up to 5.5 and 2.2oC for air and soil temperature, respectively. However, with crops growth, temperature values under PP trended to be similar to AN for both air and soil. For chinese cabbage and spinach, air temperature under PP was lower than AN after middle and final cycle, respectively. For chinese cabbage and spinach, air temperature under PP was up to 3.1oC lower than the observed at AN condition after middle and final stage of the cycle, respectively. For chinese cabbage, table beet and spinach grown under PP, such microclimatic modifications have promoted a higher precocity and production compared to AN conditions. However, for lettuce crop the higher temperature under PP did not result in a higher final production. In this case, low incidence radiation levels under PP and also a prolonged precipitation period during the winter months interfered negatively with crops growth, where PP protection should be removed in this climatic conditions

Network and biosignature analysis for the integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data to characterize leaf senescence process in sunflower

In recent years, high throughput technologies have led to an increase of datasets from omics disciplines allowing the understanding of the complex regulatory networks associated with biological processes. Leaf senescence is a complex mechanism controlled by multiple genetic and environmental variables, which has a strong impact on crop yield. Transcription factors (TFs) are key proteins in the regulation of gene expression, regulating different signaling pathways; their function is crucial for triggering and/or regulating different aspects of the leaf senescence process. The study of TF interactions and their integration with metabolic profiles under different developmental conditions, especially for a non-model organism such as sunflower, will open new insights into the details of gene regulation of leaf senescence.Fil: Moschen, Sebastián Nicolás. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Higgins, Janet. The Genome Analysis Centre; Reino UnidoFil: Di Rienzo, Julio Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Heinz, Ruth Amelia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Paniego, Norma Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Paula del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Evolution of the anti-truncated stellar profiles of S0 galaxies since z=0.6z=0.6 in the SHARDS survey: I - Sample and Methods

The controversy about the origin of the structure of S0--E/S0 galaxies may be due to the difficulty of comparing surface brightness profiles with different depths, photometric corrections and PSF effects (almost always ignored). We aim to quantify the properties of Type-III (anti-truncated) discs in a sample of S0 galaxies at 0.2<z<0.6. In this paper, we present the sample selection and describe in detail the methods to robustly trace the structure in their outskirts and correct for PSF effects. We have selected and classified a sample of 150 quiescent galaxies at 0.2<z<0.6 in the GOODS-N field. We perform a quantitative structural analysis of 44 S0-E/S0 galaxies. We corrected their surface brightness profiles for PSF distortions and analysed the biases in the structural and photometric parameters when the PSF correction is not applied. Additionally, we have developed Elbow, an automatic statistical method to determine whether a possible break is significant - or not - and its type and made it publicly available. We found 14 anti-truncated S0-E/S0 galaxies in the range 0.2<z<0.6 (~30% of the final sample). This fraction is similar to the those reported in the local Universe. In our sample, ~25% of the Type-III breaks observed in PSF-uncorrected profiles are artifacts, and their profiles turn into a Type I after PSF correction. PSF effects also soften Type-II profiles. We found that the profiles of Type-I S0 and E/S0 galaxies of our sample are compatible with the inner profiles of the Type-III, in contrast with the outer profiles. We have obtained the first robust and reliable sample of 14 anti-truncated S0--E/S0 galaxies beyond the local Universe, in the range 0.2<z<0.6. PSF effects significantly affect the shape of the surface brightness profiles in galaxy discs even in the case of the narrow PSF of HST/ACS images, so future studies on the subject should make an effort to correct them.Comment: Accepted for publishing in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 75 pages, 57 figure

La influencia del género en la dirección de las sociedades cooperativas españolas sobre la rentabilidad y el endeudamiento: un análisis empírico

En el presente trabajo se aborda la reclamación por el mercado de una nueva gestión empresarial que asegure la presencia de la mujer en la toma de decisiones para dar respuesta a las nuevas necesidades sociales. Así, este trabajo analiza la influencia de la diversidad de género de los consejeros sobre la rentabilidad y el nivel de endeudamiento para una muestra de 5.199 cooperativas españolas. A diferencia de las sociedades capitalistas, estas organizaciones presentan una serie de peculiaridades en su gobierno, ya que los socios son a su vez principales, agentes y clientes. El estudio se centra en el contexto español, donde existe un debate abierto sobre la importancia de la gestión empresarial femenina impulsado, como en otros países, por la proliferación de legislación sobre la igualdad de género, siendo, además, España el país pionero en contar con una legislación específica sobre Economía Social. Los resultados muestran que las cooperativas con mayor representación femenina en su Consejo Rector presentan una mayor rentabilidad. Por otro lado, en aquellos consejos con un mayor porcentaje de mujeres muestran un menor nivel de endeudamiento

La influencia del género en la dirección de las sociedades cooperativas españolas sobre la rentabilidad y el endeudamiento: un análisis empírico

In this paper the claim for the market for a new business management to ensure the presence of women in decision -making to respond to new social needs addressed. Thus, this paper analyzes the influence of gender diversity of the directors on the profitability and the level of debt for a sample of 5,199 Spanish cooperatives. Unlike capitalist societies, these organizations have a number of peculiarities in their government, and that the partners are themselves major time, agents and customers. The study focuses on the Spanish context, where there is an open debate on the importance of women's business management, as in other countries, driven by the proliferation of legislation on gender equality, being, in addition, Spain, the pioneer in having specific legislation on Social Economy. The results show that cooperatives with greater female representation in theirs Boards have higher profitability. On the other hand, those Boards with a higher percentage of women show a lower level of indebtedness.En el presente trabajo se aborda la reclamación por el mercado de una nueva gestión empresarial que asegure la presencia de la mujer en la toma de decisiones para dar respuesta a las nuevas necesidades sociales. Así, este trabajo analiza la influencia de la diversidad de género de los consejeros sobre la rentabilidad y el nivel de endeudamiento para una muestra de 5.199 cooperativas españolas. A diferencia de las sociedades capitalistas, estas organizaciones presentan una serie de peculiaridades en su gobierno, ya que los socios son a su vez principales, agentes y clientes. El estudio se centra en el contexto español, donde existe un debate abierto sobre la importancia de la gestión empresarial femenina impulsado, como en otros países, por la proliferación de legislación sobre la igualdad de género, siendo, además, España el país pionero en contar con una legislación específica sobre Economía Social. Los resultados muestran que las cooperativas con mayor representación femenina en su Consejo Rector presentan una mayor rentabilidad. Por otro lado, en aquellos consejos con un mayor porcentaje de mujeres muestran un menor nivel de endeudamiento

Unraveling the ecological processes modulating the population structure of Escherichia coli in a highly polluted urban stream network

Escherichia coli dynamics in urban watersheds are affected by a complex balance among external inputs, niche modulation and genetic variability. To explore the ecological processes influencing E. coli spatial patterns, we analyzed its abundance and phylogenetic structure in water samples from a stream network with heterogeneous urban infrastructure and environmental conditions. Our results showed that environmental and infrastructure variables, such as macrophyte coverage, DIN and sewerage density, mostly explained E. coli abundance. Moreover, main generalist phylogroups A and B1 were found in high proportion, which, together with an observed negative relationship between E. coli abundance and phylogroup diversity, suggests that their dominance might be due to competitive exclusion. Lower frequency phylogroups were associated with sites of higher ecological disturbance, mainly involving simplified habitats, higher drainage infrastructure and septic tank density. In addition to the strong negative relationship between phylogroup diversity and dominance, the occurrence of these phylogroups would be associated with increased facilitated dispersal. Nutrients also contributed to explaining phylogroup distribution. Our study proposes the differential contribution of distinct ecological processes to the patterns of E. coli in an urban watershed, which is useful for the monitoring and management of fecal pollution.Fil: Saraceno, Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Gómez Lugo, Sebastian. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz, Nicolás. Provincia de Mendoza. Ministerio de Infraestructura y Vivienda. Secretaria de Obras Publicas. Instituto Nacional del Agua; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Bárbara M.. Provincia de Mendoza. Ministerio de Infraestructura y Vivienda. Secretaria de Obras Publicas. Instituto Nacional del Agua; ArgentinaFil: Sabio y García, Carmen Alejandra. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Frankel, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Graziano, Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin