Analisis kuat tarik dan elongasi film gelatin – khitosan

Gelatin dan kitosan merupakan biopolimer alam yang selama ini banyak digunakan di berbagai industri seperti farmasi, tekstil, kosmetik, pengolahan pangan dan lain sebagainya. Gelatin memiliki sifat mekanik yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan kitosan terutama kuat tarik dan elongasinya. Pada penelitian ini, gelatin (Ge) diperoleh secara komersial, sedangkan kitosan (Ch) diperoleh dari kulit udang windu melalui proses deproteinasi, demineralisasi, dan deasetilasi kitin menjadi kitosan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan derajat deasetilasi kitosan sebesar 52,06%. Selanjutnya, dilakukan proses pembuatan film Ge, Ch, Ge 4%-Ch 1,5%; Ge 4%-Ch 3%, Ge 4%-Ch 4% dengan menggunakan metode casting. Film Ge 4%-Ch 4% memiliki kuat tarik dan elongasi yang paling baik yaitu 0,6 MPa dan 21,53%, berturut-turut

Determination of Shelf Life with Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) in Beverage Seaweed

In this research has been made beverage seaweed from main ingredient of red seaweed type Eucheuma cottonii with added other food ingredients that serve to improve the taste. In addition to labeling and commercially produced, it is necessary to determine the shelf life in seaweed beverage. Determination of shelf life of beverage seaweed was done by Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) method. Beverage seaweed studied there are two flavors of original taste and green tea. Based on parameters of pH value, shelf life of original taste is 17 days and the taste of green tea is 34 days. The result is for storage at room temperature 30 °

Effect of CTAB Ratio to the Characters of Mesoporous Silica Prepared from Rice Husk Ash in the Pyrolysis of a–cellulose

Due to its wide application, synthesizing silica through a cost-effective process becomes an attractive subject to be studied today. In this work, mesoporous silica (MS) was prepared from the highly available agricultural waste, rice husk ash (RHA), to be used as catalyst in the pyrolysis of a-cellulose. Silica was extracted from RHA through a reflux process in a strong base solution and arranged into a mesoporous structure by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). To find a condition that produces a mesoporous support with the highest surface area and catalytic activity, the mole ratios of CTAB:SiO2 used during the preparation of MS were varied; 0.05:1; 0.1:1; 0.2:1. Afterwards, all prepared MS were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Through he surface area analysis, it was found that MS materials possessed surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume that range from 600–970 m2.g−1, 3.5–4.7 nm, 0.7–1 cm3.g−1, respectively. The highest surface area, with over 970.80 m2.g−1, was obtained in MS support prepared by using CTAB:SiO2 mole ratio of 0.1:1. SEM images showed a coral reef-like surface morphology for all MS. In the pyrolysis of a-cellulose evaluated by Py-GCMS, aside from producing biofuel compounds, the use of MS was able to generate two-fold furan production, which is considered as a valuable compound in many chemical syntheses. This result highlights the potential of MS prepared from RHA to be used as a catalysis support material that is more economical for biofuel and other chemical production. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

The effect of crystallization time and H2O/CTAB ratio in the synthesis of mesoporous alumina from bauxite residue (red mud)

Mesoporous alumina has been successfully synthesized from bauxite residues (red mud) as raw material and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as template at room temperature. The effects of crystallization time and molar ratio of H2O/CTAB on structural and textural properties of mesoporous alumina were investigated. The synthesized product was characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption and acidity test using pyridine adsorption. The XRD pattern and SEM micrograph showed that the synthesized product possessed an amorphous phase and irregular shapes. From obtained results, it could be observed that crystallization time and H2O/CTAB ratio influenced the surface acidity of mesoporous alumin

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HDPE PLASTIC FILM FOR HERBICIDE CONTAINER USING FLY ASH CLASS F AS FILLER

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic plays an important role in various applications, for example, it can be used as a container (bottle). Petrokimia Kayaku Company, a branch of Petrokimia Company of Gresik, produces herbicides using HDPE plastic bottles as their container. Those plastic bottles undergo degradation (kempot) for certain period of time. The aim of this research is to characterize and to synthesize the HDPE plastic film with class F fly ash as filler. The results expected from this research are producing the plastic with a better properties and durability. This research was initiated by taking the sample of HDPE plastic bottle and herbicides (containing Gramakuat, on active material parakuat dichloride) at Petrokimia Kayaku Company. Both the initial HDPE and the degraded bottles was analyzed their tensile strength and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) spectral. The next step was to synthesize the HDPE plastic film using class F fly ash as filler and a coupling agent. The filler concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20wt %. The best result was 5% filler concentration with tensile strength of 27.7 lbs. This HDPE film was then subjected to degradation test using pyridine solution with various concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) for two weeks, thermal degradation at 100 °C for two weeks and chemical resistance by xylene with soak time variation of 24 h, 98 h and 168 h. The result of degradations test show that the value of tensile strength was decreased with the increase of filler consentration. The chemical resistance, however, was increased.   Keywords: degradation, filler, fly ash, HDPE, Herbicid

Increase of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Ionic Conductivity Using Nano-SiO2 Synthesized from Sugarcane Bagasse as Filler

The synthesize of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on polyethylene oxide (PEO), NaClO4 and nano-SiO2 was carried out by solution cast technique. Nano-SiO2 was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse using sol-gel method. FTIR analysis was carried out to investigate the bonding between nano-SiO2 and PEO/NaClO4. The morphology of the SPE was characterized using SEM. XRD and DSC analysis showed that SPE crystallinity decreased as nano-SiO2 concentration was increased. Mechanical analyses were conducted to characterize the SPE tensile strength and elongation at break. EIS analysis was conducted to measure SPE ionic conductivity. The PEO/NaClO4 SPE with the addition of 5% nano-SiO2 from sugarcane bagasse at 60 °C produced SPE with the highest ionic conductivity, 1.18 × 10−6 S/cm. It was concluded that the addition of nano-SiO2 increased ionic conductivity and interface stability at the solid polymer electrolyte-PEO/NaClO4

Extraction of Alumina from Red Mud for Synthesis of Mesoporous Alumina by Adding CTABr as Mesoporous Directing Agent

Mines in Bintan were producing bauxite for many years. The production process of bauxite to alumina produced much red mud. From X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), alumina content on Bintan’s red mud was 28.87 wt.%. This research was studying on the extraction alumina from red mud with reduction of hematite (Fe2O3) and desilication processes. After extraction process alumina was collected about 52.89 wt.%. Synthesis of mesoporous alumina from red mud using sol-gel method at the room temperature for 72 h with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as mesoporous directing agent. The CTABr/Al-salt ratio, i.e. 1.57; 4.71 and 7.85 with the sample code of AMC-1, AMC-3, AMC-5, respectively. The product was calcined at 550 °C for 6 h. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques. XRD pattern of AMC-1, AMC-3, and AMC-5 showed that all synthesized materials have amorphous phase. The morphology were wormhole aggregate that were showed by SEM and TEM characterization. N2 adsorption-desorption characterization showed the distribution of pore size of about 3.2 nm. The highest surface area and pore volume were obtained in solid-solid ratio CTABr/GM-AL by 1.57 (AMC-1) i.e. 241 m2/g and 0.107 cm3/g, respectively

Esterification of Acetic Acid and Benzyl Alcohol Over Zeolite HX Produced From BAngka Belitung Kaolin

The activity of zeolite HX acid catalyst synthesized from kaolin was investigated for esterification of acetic acid with benzyl alcohol. Zeolite HX was synthesized using kaolin minerals obtained from Bangka Belitung Sumatra, Indonesia via hydrothermal method and followed by cation exchange treatment. The conversion of acetic acid was driven by the presence of Brønsted acidity with the porosity plays a crucial role in determining product selectivity. The influence of reactants concentration, the effect of reaction time and the amount of catalyst loading were investigated to obtain optimum condition of the reaction. Zeolite HX catalyzed esterification of acetic acid to achieve 58.78% of conversion with increasing the concentrations of benzyl alcohol enhanced the conversion. The acetic acid esterification follows the Eley-Rideal mechanism with the conversion improved by prolonging the reaction time and increasing the amount of catalyst used in the system

Synthesis of Amorphous Aluminosilicates from Bintan’s Red Mud as Alumina Source

Red mud is a generated by-product in alumina production from bauxite ore. In this study, Bintan’s red mud has been used as alumina and silica source to synthesize amorphous mesoporous aluminosilicates material. Alkali fusion method with a NaOH/red mud ratio 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 and 1.5 followed by hydrolysis method was used to extract dissolved alumina and silica from red mud. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicates by hydrothermal method was conducted at 80 °C for 24 h. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) was added as the structure directing agent. Aluminosilicate products were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. XRD and SEM result shows that the product was amorphous with low uniformity in terms of surface morphology and particle size. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption profile shows that all aluminosilicates products has a meso pore structure, confirmed by the highest pore distribution at 3.05–17.70 nm. The highest surface area and pore volume were obtained in ASM 0.8 (NaOH/red mud ratio = 0.8) i.e. 177.97 m2/g and 1.09 cm3/g, respectively