実験的 Streptococcus iniae 感染ヒラメの発病過程に関する免疫組織化学的検討

To investigate the course of Streptococcus iniae infection in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, fish (average weight 118±14 g) were experimentally infected by oral and bath methods, and the distribution and multiplication of S. iniae in the fish were monitored by bacteriological and immunohistochemical examinations. S. iniae was detected first in relatively high numbers in the kidney and spleen. Viable counts of S. iniae in the blood, brain, liver, stomach, intestine, gill, skin mucus and nares were high only when those in the kidney and spleen were high. S. iniae-Iaden phagocytic cells were observed in the lumen of the blood vessels distributing in the organs and tissues in the initial stage of infection. Many fish showed hemorrhagic lesions on the fins, and the extracellular multiplication of S. iniae in the hemorrhagic fins was observed in the initial stage of infection. These observations were common among the fish challenged by either method. There was no evidence of the entrance of S. iniae through the stomach, intestine, gill, eye or olfactory pouches of nares. It was presumed that S. iniae entered directly from the water through the abrasive sites of fins and was disseminated by the blood circulation to cause systemic infection

ヒラメレンサ球菌症の実験感染

The capability of Streptococcus iniae to cause disease in Japanese flounder was investigated by oral and bath (30 min) challenges with low, medium and high inoculation doses. Only with the highest inoculation dose, 9.9 x 10^7 CFU/100g body weight, the oral challenge induced deaths. In the bath challenge deaths were induced even at the lowest inoculation dose, 2.9 x 10^3 CFU/mL water. Hemorrhagic lesions on the fins were observed in dead fish challenged by both methods. It is suspected that S. iniae entered through the body surface such as abrasive sites of the fins to cause disease

A Hybrid of Adaptation and Dynamic Routing based on SDN for Improving QoE in HTTP Adaptive VBR Video Streaming

Recently, HTTP Adaptive Streaming HAS has received significant attention from both industry and academia based on its ability to enhancing media streaming services over the Internet. Recent research solutions that have tried to improve HAS by adaptation at the client side only may not be completely effective without interacting with routing decisions in the upper layers. In this paper, we address the aforementioned issue by proposing a dynamic bandwidth allocation and management architecture for streaming video flows to improve users satisfaction. We also introduce an initial cross layer hybrid method that combines quality adaptation of variable bitrate video streaming over the HTTP protocol at the client side and SDN based dynamical routing. This scheme is enabled by the Software Defined Networking architecture that is now being considered as an emerging paradigm that disassociates the forwarding process from the routing process. SDN brings flexibility and the ability to flexibly change routing solutions, in turn resulting in dynamically improving the services provided in the application layer. Our experimental results show that the proposed solution offers significantly higher overall bitrates as well as smoother viewing experience than existing methods.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/201907/20190708.pd

Improving green literacy and environmental culture associated with youth participation in circular economy: a case study of Vietnam

Circular economy (CE), a sustainability concept that promotes resource efficiency and waste reduction, has garnered significant popularity in recent years due to its potential to address pressing environmental and economic challenges. This study employs the Bayesian mindsponge framework (BMF) to explore what drives young adults’ pro-environmental behavior and purchases of green products at different levels of price. The results show that young adult’s knowledge of CE and care about environmental protection and energy saving encourages the practice of waste classification, while factors that affect their willingness to pay (WTP) more for green and energy-saving products vary at different price tiers