36 research outputs found

    Etude de l'envasement du lac Dang (Ngaoundéré, Cameroun) et estimation des transports solides en suspension. The study of silting in the Lake of Dang (Ngaoundéré - Cameroon) and the estimation of the suspended sediment transport.

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    International audienceLe lac de Dang est situĂ© au Nord du Cameroun (13°34'N 7°27'E) Ă  proximitĂ© de la ville de NgaoundĂ©rĂ©. Il reprĂ©sente un piĂšge Ă  sĂ©diments Ă  l'Ă©chelle du bassin versant. La quantification des sĂ©diments piĂ©gĂ©s est basĂ©e sur les bilans de matiĂšre solide Ă  l'Ă©chelle du lac. Elle a montrĂ© que plus de 80 % du matĂ©riel en suspension entrant contribue actuellement Ă  l'envasement du lac de Dang. Les levĂ©s topographiques du fond du lac ont montrĂ© Ă©galement que la profondeur du lac est passĂ©e de 3,5 m Ă  environ 2,5 m en moins de 40 ans. Le suivi de l'envasement du lac de Dang prĂ©sente un intĂ©rĂȘt primordial car la perte en volume d'eau qui en dĂ©coule, par rapport Ă  la capacitĂ© initiale du lac, a une consĂ©quence directe sur les activitĂ©s socio-Ă©conomiques (surtout agriculture irriguĂ©e et pĂšche) qui se pratiquent autour et dans le lac. L'envasement a aussi accĂ©lĂ©rĂ© l'eutrophisation du lac. L'Ă©rosion des sols dans le bassin versant de Dang est le principal facteur de dĂ©gradation de ce plan d'eau. Pour rĂ©duire les transports solides en suspension, l'identification et la protection des zones les plus sensibles Ă  l'Ă©rosion s'imposent. The Lake of Dang is exposed to a greater degree of accelerated silting. The control of sediment volumes incoming and retiring on a hydrological cycle showed that more than 80% of the suspended material entering contributed currently to the silting of the lake of Dang. Surveys in the bottom of the lake showed that the depth of the lake passed from 3,5 m to about 2,5 m in less than 40 years. The monitoring of the lake silting presents a primordial interest. While the storage capacity of reservoirs is progressively reduced over the last four decades, this has a direct consequence on the socioeconomic activities (especially irrigated agriculture and fishing) that are practiced around and in the lake. The silting also accelerated the eutrophication of the lake. Soil erosion in the Dang watershed is the main source of sediment production. To reduce suspended sediment transport, the factors controlling soil erosion processes must be understood

    Maps of vulnerability to pollution: a useful tool for sustainable groundwater in Douala, Cameroon

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    This study is a help approach to protect and prevent pollution of the unconfined aquifer of Douala sedimentary basin. It was conducted in order to identify areas at high risk of contamination and protect them in the long-term. Maps were validated based on field measurements. The assessment was conducted using DRASTIC and GOD methods. Statistical analysis of the maps of vulnerability reveals the concentration of three classes. These methods show on the one hand that the study area has a high risk of contamination and in the other hand that DRASTIC best reflects the reality of the groundwater pollution. Finally maps of vulnerability permit to stakeholders to adopt two decisions: protect this unconfined aquifer needed by 57% of the population for water supply by deleting pit latrines inside a radius of 50 m from a well and; use water of boreholes for human consumption

    Apport de la gĂ©ologie, de l'hydrogĂ©ologie et des isotopes de l'environnement Ă  la connaissance des “nappes en creux” du Grand YaĂ©rĂ© (Nord Cameroun)

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    International audiencePiezometric depressions, common in sub-Saharan Africa, are major hydrogeological anomalies manifested by closed curves, pronounced hollows and dips attaining several tens of meters below the regional water table level. The Logone- Chari-Chad piezometric map reveals piezometric anomalies that have been interpreted as depressed aquifers. The depth of the water table is 60 m in the Tagawa-Am Talia axis, 40 m between Louba-Louba and Andirni and 30 m around Yagoua. Factors linked to evaporation are generally thought to be responsible for these depressed zones. The objective of this study (based on the saturated zone) was: 1) to place the Logone-Chari-Chad piezometric anomalies in their hydrogeological settings, and 2) to evaluate the use of environmental isotopes to explain their formation processes. To achieve our goal, 27 water supply points (8 boreholes and 19 wells) were selected from the borders and centre of the Logone-Chari-Chad depression. Samples were collected between 1989 and 1991. Measurements performed in the field involved static water levels, whereas the laboratory analyses 18O, ÂČH and 3H were performed at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) laboratory in Vienna, within the framework of the project RAF/8/012 funded by IAEA. The new geological and hydrogeological data demonstrate that in the depressed zone of the piezometric surface, the aquifer has two layers. In contrast, the Logone-Chari-Chad piezometric map was previously drawn considering the aquifer as a single-layer. From a hydrochemical point of view, the groundwater in the Logone-Chari-Chad aquifer is stratified: calcium bicarbonate type water was found at the surface (shallow groundwater), whereas sodium carbonate type water was found at depth (deeper groundwater). Seasonal piezometric fluctuations of 1.5 to 3 m have been observed in the shallow groundwater. In the deeper groundwater, they range from 0.20 to 0.30 m. The difference in the values of water table fluctuation leads not only to variations in the mode of groundwater circulation, but also to variations in the hydrodynamic properties of aquifers, such as transmissivity. The distribution in stable isotope contents (18O, ÂČH and 3H) confirmed the compartmentalization of aquifers. The correlation between 3H and 18O showed that there are two water types, with different recharge modes and episodes. On the border of the depression, shallow groundwater pinches out on the semi-permeable substratum, resulting in a tritium content greater than 4 UT. In the depression axis, there is deeper groundwater with a tritium content below 4 UT. The relationship between ÂČH and 18O shows that the enrichment effects of evaporation at the time of recharge are very pronounced only in the shallow groundwater, where the static level does not exceed 20 m below the soil surface. The closed piezometric depressions, whose deepest point attains 60 m below the soil surface, cannot be explained by the presence of intense evaporation. The variation in tritium content with respect to the static level shows that in the depressed zone, the first 20 m are characterized by a tritium content greater than 4 UT, whereas at depths of 30 m or more, tritium contents are lower than 4 UT. The absence of dependence between shallow and deep piezometric levels invalidates the interpretation of great water depths proposed in previous studies of the piezometric depression of the Logone-Chari-Chad water table. Thus, the hypothesis that the Logone-Chari-Chad is a single-layer system should be abandoned. The future construction of the piezometric map of the Logone-Chari-Chad water table should take into account the structure and lithology of the two superimposed layers

    Origin of calcium in pedogenic carbonate nodules from silicate watersheds in the Far North Region of Cameroon: Respective contribution of in situ weathering source and dust input

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    Significant amounts of pedogenic Ca-carbonate nodules have been observed in the Far North Region of Cameroon in the carbonate-free watershed of the Mayo Tsanaga, thus a priori not favourable for carbonate nodules accumulations. These nodules are associated with a Clay-Rich Parent Material (CRPM), covering either a granitic (upstream) or a greenstone bedrock (downstream). In this peculiar context, the amount of pedogenic carbonate nodules represents large quantities of Ca and C. Therefore, determining the Ca sources for pedogenic carbonate nodules is a key point regarding the mechanisms leading to carbonate nodule precipitation and their role in the biogeochemical cycle of Ca. Three sites, two on granite and one on greenstone, were studied by combining Sr et Nd isotope systematics in order to assess the Ca sources of carbonate nodules and the origin of the CRPM associated with nodules. Carbonate nodules have a distinct Sr isotopic composition in each profile, pointing to the contribution of a local source for Ca. Sr isotopic compositions of plagioclases and carbonate nodules display a concomitant variation in each profile, indicating that plagioclases acted as a Sr, and thus Ca, source for the carbonate nodules. Nevertheless, carbonate nodules have a higher Sr isotopic signature than plagioclases, implying the contribution of another more radiogenic Sr source. Sr and Nd isotope data from the CRPM show that it is a mixture of weathered bedrock compounds and Saharan dust. This result highlights two other potential Sr and Ca sources: biotite and Saharan dust. Calculations of their respective contributions demonstrate that in situ weathering significantly adds to the Ca source of nodules. This result contrasts with many other studies from similar settings that highlight the importance of allochthonous - marine, aeolian - inputs. This conclusion points out that a substantial part of Ca is transferred from the local bedrock to the carbonate nodules. This mechanism seems to have been possible as peculiar edaphic conditions preserved the primary Ca sources, making in situ weathering a significant process for providing Ca

    Hydrogéologie d'aquifÚres complexes en zone semi-aride : les aquifÚres quaternaires du Grand Yaéré (Nord Cameroun)

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    Les aquifÚres quaternaires du Grand Yaéré ont fait l'objet de nouvelles investigations hydrogéologiques dont les résultats portent sur leurs redéfinitions et leurs fonctionnements. L'identification géologique et hydrogéologique du milieu a révélé l'existence d'un aquifÚre de type monocouche dans le piémont et de type bicouche dans les Yaérés. L'alimentation des aquifÚres du piémont à partir des précipitations et des eaux de surface est mise en évidence par l'étude piézométrique et confirmée respectivement par la composition isotopique et la chimie des eaux souterraines. A l'exception des nappes perchées, la relation oxygÚne18/ deutérium des eaux souterraines dans les Yaérés montre que la recharge des nappes ne se fait pas par infiltration directe des précipitations. L'étude piézométrique complétée par la chimie et les isotopes suggÚre que l'infiltration dans les niveaux aquifÚres superficiels s'effectue dans les zones de stagnation des eaux de surface. Les teneurs en isotopes lourds des eaux profondes quant à elles témoignent une alimentation à partir des eaux du systÚme aquifÚre du piémont et du cordon sableux. Le cordon sableux Limani-Yagoua jadis considéré comme stérile, joue donc le rÎle de régulateur dans la reconstitution des niveaux d'eau des nappes sous-jacentes. Les études géologique et géochimique permettent clairement de mettre en cause l'existence d'anomalies piézométriques ou "nappes en creux", attribuées à l'effet d'évaporation, dans les Yaérés. Sur la base des données hydrodynamiques et hydroclimatiques, l'ordre de grandeur des ressources et des réserves en eaux souterraines de la région a été défini. L'exploitation des eaux souterraines est surtout pratiquée à partir des nappes alluviales superficielles. Les aquifÚres profonds constituent une solution envisageable dans des secteurs à nappes superficielles inextistantes ou peu importantes. A la suite d'un bilan des connaissances sur les risques de pollution des eaux souterraines, un plan de prévention et de protection des nappes est proposé.pas de résum

    Hydrogéologie d'aquifÚres complexes en zone semi-aride : les aquifÚres quaternaires du Grand Yaéré (Nord Cameroun)

    No full text
    Les aquifÚres quaternaires du Grand Yaéré ont fait l'objet de nouvelles investigations hydrogéologiques dont les résultats portent sur leurs redéfinitions et leurs fonctionnements. L'identification géologique et hydrogéologique du milieu a révélé l'existence d'un aquifÚre de type monocouche dans le piémont et de type bicouche dans les Yaérés. L'alimentation des aquifÚres du piémont à partir des précipitations et des eaux de surface est mise en évidence par l'étude piézométrique et confirmée respectivement par la composition isotopique et la chimie des eaux souterraines. A l'exception des nappes perchées, la relation oxygÚne18/ deutérium des eaux souterraines dans les Yaérés montre que la recharge des nappes ne se fait pas par infiltration directe des précipitations. L'étude piézométrique complétée par la chimie et les isotopes suggÚre que l'infiltration dans les niveaux aquifÚres superficiels s'effectue dans les zones de stagnation des eaux de surface. Les teneurs en isotopes lourds des eaux profondes quant à elles témoignent une alimentation à partir des eaux du systÚme aquifÚre du piémont et du cordon sableux. Le cordon sableux Limani-Yagoua jadis considéré comme stérile, joue donc le rÎle de régulateur dans la reconstitution des niveaux d'eau des nappes sous-jacentes. Les études géologique et géochimique permettent clairement de mettre en cause l'existence d'anomalies piézométriques ou "nappes en creux", attribuées à l'effet d'évaporation, dans les Yaérés. Sur la base des données hydrodynamiques et hydroclimatiques, l'ordre de grandeur des ressources et des réserves en eaux souterraines de la région a été défini. L'exploitation des eaux souterraines est surtout pratiquée à partir des nappes alluviales superficielles. Les aquifÚres profonds constituent une solution envisageable dans des secteurs à nappes superficielles inextistantes ou peu importantes. A la suite d'un bilan des connaissances sur les risques de pollution des eaux souterraines, un plan de prévention et de protection des nappes est proposé.pas de résum

    Le barrage de Lagdo (Nord-Cameroun)

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    D’aprĂšs Dejoux (1988), les barrages et les systĂšmes d’irrigation qui leur sont associĂ©s vont permettre un dĂ©veloppement agricole dans les rĂ©gions trĂšs dĂ©favorisĂ©es, et il sera possible de crĂ©er la vie oĂč il n’y avait que dĂ©sert ou bien de fabriquer l’électricitĂ© essentielle Ă  l’économie. Toutefois, le bilan n’est pas que positif, et beaucoup de plans d’eau artificiels s’accompagnent d’un impact trĂšs critique. Le barrage de Lagdo a Ă©tĂ© construit entre aoĂ»t 1977 et juillet 1982 sur le cours de ..

    Water resources management in the Lake Chad basin: diagnosis and action plan.

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    International audienceABSTRACT: Scarcity of water resources constitutes a major problem for sustainable development in the Chad basin. By 1976, Lake Chad had lost nearly 90% of its water volume. Its surface area had shrunk from 25,000 km2 to less than 3000 km2, and its surface level had fallen by 4 m. Therefore, maintaining secure water supplies for drinking, industry and agriculture would be impossible without groundwater. To effect the sustainable management of the Lake Chad basin, the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) has been created. Discussions about the relationship between surface water and groundwater, sediment, water protection, social and economic benefits of water, and the use of water resources for irrigation have clearly outlined uncertainties in managing the system due to incomplete knowledge and lacking data. This study indicates the need for: (1) permanent monitoring research, which will provide the data essential to generate a quantitative perspective on the status of the water resources systems and to validate the conceptual understanding; (2) more international cooperation and coordination between the LCBC members within their jurisdiction; and (3) joint studies and research programmes in order to strengthen the capacity for strategic and integrated water resources management
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