Legalidade ou letalidade? O necessário relaxamento das prisões ilegais

O tema deste trabalho é política criminal e direitos fundamentais. Dentro desta perspectiva, voltamos nossa atenção para os recentes acontecimentos nas penitenciárias brasileiras e as diferentes manifestações de atores jurídicos e políticos do país. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar recentes julgados do STF a partir da relação entre Política Criminal e Direitos Fundamentais. Tal exercício dar-se-á pela definição destes dois últimos e por uma análise da atividade da Corte Suprema na questão penitenciária, tendo como fontes a doutrina jurídica e a jurisprudência. Os resultados apontam para uma urgente reflexão do que tem sido o exercício dos poderes Executivo e Judiciário na questão penitenciária..   Palavras-chave: política criminal; direitos fundamentais; legalidade

Prevalence of asymptomatic urethritis by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and associated risk factors among males living with HIV-1

Objectives The increase in HIV transmissibility in non-ulcerative sexually transmitted infection is already well-established. It is estimated that symptomatic carriers of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis have a relative risk of 4.8-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, for the sexual acquisition of HIV. This type of evaluation for asymptomatic urethritis is necessary to reinforce strategies to combat HIV transmission. This study aims to assess the prevalence of patients with asymptomatic urethritis among men diagnosed with HIV-1 and determine the risk factors associated with this infection. Methods We enrolled a total of 115 male patients aged 18 years or older who have been diagnosed with HIV infection and have no symptoms of urethritis or other sexually transmitted infections and who have been evaluated between May and August 2015 in a follow-up visit at the Immunology Outpatient Clinic of a Brazilian University Hospital. Results Four asymptomatic patients were positive for C. trachomatis and were considered asymptomatic carriers of urethritis. Prevalence was 3.47%. Patients who were positive for C. trachomatis urethritis had a lower mean age (p = 0.015). Conclusion The presence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection is a challenge in clinical practice. We recommend that, in outpatient practice, the habit of inquiring on previous sexual behavior to obtain more information about risks and associations with asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection, a routine physical examination and complementary tests to detect STI pathogens should be performed to discard these conditions. The development of rapid tests for this purpose should also be encouraged

Chlamydia trachomatis asymptomatic urethritis recurrence among males living with HIV-1

A prevalence of 3.47% of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis has been previously reported among males living with HIV infection in Brazil. This study aims to assess the recurrence of C. trachomatis urethritis three years later in the same cohort of patients and analyze associated risk factors. A total of 115 male patients diagnosed with HIV infection, with no symptoms of urethritis and observed since May of 2015 in followup visits were enrolled. They had urine samplers tested by PCR for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae between February and March 2018. Results: Three of the four patients who had asymptomatic C. trachomatis urethritis three years before were recurrently positive for C. trachomatis urethritis. Two new patients were diagnosed as positives, accounting for a total asymptomatic C. trachomatis urethritis prevalence of 4.34%. The prevalence during the whole study was 5.21%. The relative risk for a new urethritis episode among those previously diagnosed with urethritis is RR=41.62 (95% CI: 9.42-183.84), p < 0.01. Patients who presented asymptomatic urethritis anytime and who were recurrently positive for C. trachomatis had a lower mean age (p<0.01). Married individuals were protected regarding asymptomatic urethritis [p<0.01, OR = 0.04 (0.005-0.4)] and had lower risk to develop recurrence [p<0.01, RR = 0.86 (0.74-0.99)]. Illicit drugs users had risk associated to asymptomatic urethritis [p=0.02, OR= 5.9 (1.03-34)] and higher risk to develop recurrence [p<0.01, RR=1.1 (1-1.22)]. Conclusion: The recurrence of asymptomatic C. trachomatis urethritis after treatment among males living with HIV infection in Brazil can be considered high and should not be neglected

Aspectos espaciais, sociodemográficos, clínicos e temporais da esquistossomose no estado de Minas Gerais entre os anos de 2011 e 2020 / Spatial, socio-demographic, clinical and temporal aspects of schistosomiasis in the state of Minas Gerais between the years of 2011 and 2020

A esquistossomose mansoni é causada pelo helminto S.mansoni e configura-se como um importante problema de saúde pública. Entre as formas clínicas, ressalta-se a hepatoesplênica, na qual há formação de fibrose periportal, podendo culminar em hipertensão portal, insuficiência hepática e óbito. Diante da possibilidade de quadros graves, justifica-se a relevância de estudos epidemiológicos em áreas endêmicas, posto que essas pesquisas viabilizam o direcionamento de intervenções. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em caracterizar aspectos espaciais, sociodemográficos, clínicos, e temporais da esquistossomose em Minas Gerais, entre os anos de 2011 e 2020. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados secundários de domínio público, disponíveis no Portal de Vigilância da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais. Totalizaram-se 37.535 casos, dos quais 159 evoluíram para óbito (letalidade de 0,4%). Houve destaque para as macrorregiões Vale do Aço (n=10.438; 27,8), Nordeste (n=8.327; 22,2%) e Centro (n=5.928; 15,7%); e para os municípios de Belo Horizonte (n=3.148; 8,3%), Inhapim (n=2.026; 5,3%) e Ipatinga (n=1.710; 4,5%). Quanto às características sociodemográficas, frisa-se sexo masculino (n=23722; 63,2%); faixa etária 25 a 34 anos (n=7025; 18,7%); escolaridade 5a a 8 série do ensino fundamental incompleta (n=5139; 13,7%); e raça/cor parda (n=18312; 48,8%). No contexto clínico, a forma hepatointestinal foi predominante entre homes (n=11.676; 49,2%), mulheres (n=6.914; 50,1%) e todos (n=18.591; 49,5%). A forma hepatoesplênica ocorreu em maior frequência no sexo masculino (n=524; 2,2%) comparando-se ao feminino (n=214; 1,5%). Com relação ao desfecho, frisa-se a evolução para cura entre pacientes do sexo masculino (n=17.460; 73,6%), feminino (n=10.460; 75,8%) e todos (n=27.923; 74,4%). Indivíduos do sexo masculino apresentam 1,4 vezes mais chances de desenvolver a forma hepatoesplênica (95%IC=1,2-1,6; p<0,0001); e 1,5 vezes mais chances de óbito por esquistossomose (95%IC=1,06-2,21; p=0,0198). Englobando a análise temporal, o maior número de notificações foi em 2011 (n=11.777; 31,3%), com redução expressiva até o ano de 2020 (n=1.050; 2,7%). Algo semelhante foi percebido nos coeficientes de incidência (CI) com 58 acometidos para cada 100.000 habitantes em 2011; e queda para 5 acometidos para cada 100.000 habitantes em 2020. Houve correlação entre o passar anos e queda nos CI (r2=0,6392; p=0,0055). Portanto, para a manutenção da redução da incidência e com o intuito de evitar quadros letais, ressalta-se a importância da implementação de intervenções majoritariamente nas macrorregiões de destaque e entre indivíduos que se encaixam no perfil encontrado: homens, adultos jovens, baixo nível de escolaridade, principalmente em áreas endêmicas

How much leaf area do insects eat? A data set of insect herbivory sampled globally with a standardized protocol

Herbivory is ubiquitous. Despite being a potential driver of plant distribution and performance, herbivory remains largely undocumented. Some early attempts have been made to review, globally, how much leaf area is removed through insect feeding. Kozlov et al., in one of the most comprehensive reviews regarding global patterns of herbivory, have compiled published studies regarding foliar removal and sampled data on global herbivory levels using a standardized protocol. However, in the review by Kozlov et al., only 15 sampling sites, comprising 33 plant species, were evaluated in tropical areas around the globe. In Brazil, which ranks first in terms of plant biodiversity, with a total of 46,097 species, almost half (43%) being endemic, a single data point was sampled, covering only two plant species. In an attempt to increase knowledge regarding herbivory in tropical plant species and to provide the raw data needed to test general hypotheses related to plant–herbivore interactions across large spatial scales, we proposed a joint, collaborative network to evaluate tropical herbivory. This network allowed us to update and expand the data on insect herbivory in tropical and temperate plant species. Our data set, collected with a standardized protocol, covers 45 sampling sites from nine countries and includes leaf herbivory measurements of 57,239 leaves from 209 species of vascular plants belonging to 65 families from tropical and temperate regions. They expand previous data sets by including a total of 32 sampling sites from tropical areas around the globe, comprising 152 species, 146 of them being sampled in Brazil. For temperate areas, it includes 13 sampling sites, comprising 59 species

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio