Factor Structure of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Norwegian Convenience Sample

Sense of time is a fundamental aspect of human psychology. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) is a widely used questionnaire meant to measure fundamental experiential dimensions of time, such as past, present and future. The aim of this study was to establish model fit of a Norwegian extended version of the ZTPI. The study is based on a convenience sample of 713 individuals. Based on previous findings, we employed confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling to investigate different factor structures of ZTPI. The analyses were carried out using the WLSMV-estimation approach, and several fit indices was used as indicators of how well the data fitted the suggested factor structure. This first investigation of a Norwegian version of ZTPI did not find support for the original 56-item scale, the S-ZTPI version (64 items), nor an extended version that also incorporated the transcendental time perspective (74 items). In post-hoc analyses, we identified a model with 34 items and 7 factors that fitted the data adequately. Further studies should investigate the factor structure of ZTPI in a Norwegian context, and international studies should investigate how the transcendental time perspective relates to the rest of ZTPI.publishedVersio

Narratives of Change: Identity and Recognition Dynamics in the Process of Moving Away From a Life Dominated by Drug Use

The concepts of identity and recovery capital are recognized as being an embedded part of moving away from a life dominated by drug use. However, the link between these two concepts and the effect of broader social structures, and the normative assumptions underpinning the condition of recovery, is less explored. This article focuses on the social practices of everyday life in the foreground of identity formation, meaning that “who I am” is an inseparable part of “what I do.” A narrative approach was employed to analyze qualitative follow-up data extracted from 48 in-depth interviews with 17 males and females with drug-using experience that were conducted posttreatment on three separate occasions over a period of 2.5 years. Theories of identity formation were employed to analyze the interdependent dynamic between social structure, persona and social resources, and way of life and identity. The analyses identified four narratives related to how people present themselves through the process of changing practices. Following the work of Honneth, we argue that the positive identity formation revealed in these narratives is best understood as a struggle for recognition via the principle of achievement. However, the participants’ self-narratives reflected cultural stories—specified as formula stories—of “normality,” “addiction,” and the “addict,” which work into the concepts of self and confine options of storying experiences during the recovery process. This study demonstrate that the process of recovery is culturally embedded and constitutes a process of adaption to conventional social positions and roles. We suggest challenging dominant discourses related to “addiction as a disease” and “normality” in order to prevent stigma related to drug use and recovery. In so doing, it may contribute to broaden conditions for identity (trans)formation for people in recovery.publishedVersio

Persistent sleep problems among people in recovery from substance use disorders: a mixed methods study

Background The aims of this study are to examine the one-year trajectory of sleep problems, identify clinical correlates, and describe subjective experiences related to persistent sleep problems during recovery from substance use disorders (SUD). Methods This study builds on a sequential mixed method design. The quantitative component features data from a prospective longitudinal study of 127 poly-SUD patients in the Stavanger area in Norway, while the qualitative component describes a thematic analysis of interviews with 16 persons from this study still experiencing sleep problems after at least one year of abstinence. Results The prevalence of sleep problems at baseline for the whole cohort was 79%. Among the 59 patients who were abstinent after one year, N = 20 (33.9%) had moderate and N = 11 (18.6%) had severe sleep problems. Persistent sleep problems were associated with psychological distress and were experienced as a major challenge in the struggle to stay drug free. Establishing daily routines related to work, school, and care for children were coping strategies for participants with persistent sleep problems. Conclusions Persistent sleep problems are often overlooked in a clinical setting. Based on our findings, these issues pose a major challenge in the struggle to stay drug free. For patients with psychological distress, and lack of responsibilities that established daily routines, sleep difficulties may result in increased risk of drug use episodes that result in relapse. These results argue that screening and evidence-based methods for insomnia and sleep health-programs should be commonplace adjunct intervention for patients with SUDs.publishedVersio

Is the relapse concept in studies of substance use disorders a ‘one size fits all’ concept? A systematic review of relapse operationalisations

Issues Relapse is a theoretical construct and empirical object of inquiry. It is unclear how relapse is operationalised with regard to the various phases in substance use disorders (SUD). The aim was to investigate relapse operationalisations in SUDs studies after short- and long-term abstinence and remission, recovery and slip/lapse. Approach Systematic review using the following databases: Epistemonikos, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL and DARE), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO. Search returned 3426 articles, with 276 meeting the following inclusion criteria: empirical study published in English in a peer-reviewed journal; samples meet diagnostic criteria for dependence syndrome or moderate–severe drug use disorder or alcohol use disorder; reports relapse, abstinence, recovery, remission, slip or lapse. Review protocol registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020154062). Key Findings Thirty-two percent of the studies had no definition of ‘relapse’. Most relapse operationalisations were defined according to measure (26%), time (17%), use (26%) and amount and frequency (27%). Of the 16 studies with a follow-up duration of up to 2 years, one (6%) contained a definition of ‘long-term abstinence’. Of the 64 studies with a follow-up duration of more than 2 years, four (6%) contained a definition of ‘long-term abstinence’. Of those, one (2%) mentioned ‘early relapse’ and one (2%) mentioned ‘late relapse’. Implications Future research is needed to explore the possible difference between early and late relapse. Moreover, working to increase consensus on relapse operationalisations in SUD research is warranted. Conclusions We identified no consensus on relapse operationalisations nor agreement on the differentiation between early and late relapse. The clinical utility of current relapse operationalisations seems low and may compromise knowledge accumulation about relapse and implementation of research into treatment.publishedVersio

Trajectories of psychological distress during recovery from polysubstance use disorder

Introduction: Polysubstance use is a prevalent substance use pattern with adverse effects on psychological distress and diminished treatment outcomes. Although polysubstance use often dominates clinical practice, the trajectories of substance use and psychological distress in the initial phase of treatment have been subject to few empirical investigations. Material and Methods: 141 patients initiating inpatient or outpatient treatment for substance use disorder were followed for 12 months, using multiple assessments. We assessed psychological distress and substance use at baseline and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits. We implemented an SMS tracker of substance use during follow-up to reduce the impact of missing data. Results: Stable abstinence was associated with a lower baseline SCL-90-R score, as well as a more rapid symptomatic decline during the first 3 months of abstinence. Unstable abstinence was associated with higher GSI scores at baseline, but also with a significant drop in scores across the follow-up period. Relapse was associated with an initial drop in GSI scores, but a subsequent increase in GSI scores at later follow-ups. Conclusions: Most participants had a rapid reduction of psychological distress during the first 3 months of abstinence. Elevated levels of psychological distress may indicate an increased risk of drug use or relapse and should be monitored carefully. Our findings highlight the importance of early screening for psychological distress in SUD treatment, and advocate the use of tentative diagnostic procedures in the early phase of treatment of PSUD.publishedVersio

Cortical folding in Broca's area relates to obstetric complications in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls

Background The increased occurrence of obstetric complications (OCs) in patients with schizophrenia suggests that alterations in neurodevelopment may be of importance to the aetiology of the illness. Abnormal cortical folding may reflect subtle deviation from normal neurodevelopment during the foetal or neonatal period. In the present study, we hypothesized that OCs would be related to cortical folding abnormalities in schizophrenia patients corresponding to areas where patients with schizophrenia display altered cortical folding when compared with healthy controls. Method In total, 54 schizophrenia patients and 54 healthy control subjects underwent clinical examination and magnetic resonance image scanning on a 1.5 T scanner. Information on OCs was collected from original birth records. An automated algorithm was used to calculate a three-dimensional local gyrification index (lGI) at numerous points across the cortical mantle. Results In both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, an increasing number of OCs was significantly related to lower lGI in the left pars triangularis (p<0.0005) in Broca's area. For five other anatomical cortical parcellations in the left hemisphere, a similar trend was demonstrated. No significant relationships between OCs and lGI were found in the right hemisphere and there were no significant case-control differences in lGI. Conclusions The reduced cortical folding in the left pars triangularis, associated with OCs in both patients and control subjects suggests that the cortical effect of OCs is caused by factors shared by schizophrenia patients and healthy controls rather than factors related to schizophrenia alon

IC - fra vedtak til åpning : Gjennomføringstid for intercityutbyggingen til Halden, Lillehammer og Skien

Rapporten er en del av konseptvalgutredningen for utbyggingen av ICstrekningene mellom Oslo og Halden, Lillehammer og Skien. Vurdering av mulig gjennomføringstid er en del av mandatet for utredningen. Under forutsetning av at formelt vedtak og finansiering av IC-strekningene foreligger, er det vurdert hvor lang tid en planprosess, kontrahering og bygging av IC-strekningene vil ta. Det er tatt utgangspunkt i aktuelle utbyggingstiltak og kostandene ved disse. To scenarier er vurdert. Ett som vurderer raskest mulig gjennomføring og ett som legger til grunn en framdrift og gjennomføring som er mest kostnadseffektiv

Mental disorder prevalence in chronic pain patients using opioid versus non-opioid analgesics: A registry-linkage study

Background Chronic pain and mental disorders are leading causes of disability worldwide. Individuals with chronic pain are more likely to experience mental disorders compared to individuals without chronic pain, but large-scale estimates are lacking. We aimed to calculate overall prevalence of mental health diagnoses from primary and secondary care among individuals treated for chronic pain in 2019 and to compare prevalence among chronic pain patients receiving opioid versus non-opioid analgesics, according to age and gender. Methods It is a population-based cohort study. Linked data from nationwide health registers on dispensed drugs and diagnoses from primary (ICPC-2) and secondary (ICD-10) health care. Chronic pain patients were identified as all patients over 18 years of age filling at least one prescription of an analgesic reimbursed for non-malignant chronic pain in both 2018 and 2019 (N = 139,434, 69.3% women). Results Prevalence of any mental health diagnosis was 35.6% (95% confidence interval: 35.4%–35.9%) when sleep diagnoses were included and 29.0% (28.8%–29.3%) when excluded. The most prevalent diagnostic categories were sleep disorders (14% [13.8%–14.2%]), depressive and related disorders (10.1% [9.9%–10.2%]) and phobia and other anxiety disorders (5.7% [5.5%–5.8%]). Prevalence of most diagnostic categories was higher in the group using opioids compared to non-opioids. The group with the highest overall prevalence was young women (18–44 years) using opioids (50.1% [47.2%–53.0%]). Conclusions Mental health diagnoses are common in chronic pain patients receiving analgesics, particularly among young individuals and opioid users. The combination of opioid use and high psychiatric comorbidity suggests that prescribers should attend to mental health in addition to somatic pain. Significance This large-scale study with nation-wide registry data supports previous findings of high psychiatric burden in chronic pain patients. Opioid users had significantly higher prevalence of mental health diagnoses, regardless of age and gender compared to users of non-opioid analgesics. Opioid users with chronic pain therefore stand out as a particularly vulnerable group and should be followed up closely by their physician to ensure they receive sufficient care for both their mental and somatic symptoms.Mental disorder prevalence in chronic pain patients using opioid versus non-opioid analgesics: A registry-linkage studyacceptedVersionpublishedVersio

PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN OTENTIK UNTUK MENILAI PENGETAHUAN DAN KETERAMPILAN PRAKTIKUM SISWA SMK PADA KONSEP KOLOID

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan instrumen penilaian otentik dalam menilai pengetahuan dan keterampilan praktikum siswa SMK pada konsep koloid. Metode yang digunakan adalah Research and Development, yang terdiri dari tahap pengembangan instrumen, tahap validasi dan uji coba instrumen, dan tahap aplikasi instrumen. Instrumen yang dikembangkan terdiri dari instrumen tes tertulis dan instrumen tes kinerja. Pada tahap uji coba, sampel penelitian yang menguji coba tes tertulis berjumlah 24 siswa kelas XII Teknik Sepeda Motor (TSM) dan lima rater yang menilai lima siswa yang melakukan praktikum, untuk uji coba instrumen tes kinerja. Sedangkan pada tahap aplikasi terdapat 40 siswa kelas XII Teknik Komputer Jaringan (TKJ) yang diuji menggunakan instrumen tes penilaian otentik, instrumen tes tertulis maupun tes kinerja. Hasil validasi instrumen oleh tujuh validator menunjukkan bahwa instrumen penilaian otentik yang dikembangkan valid, dengan nilai CVR 1,000 dan 0,714. Dari hasil uji coba instrumen, pada instrumen tes tertulis diketahui nilai reliabilitas 25 butir soal pilihan ganda adalah 0,675 dan nilai reliabilitas 2 buah butir soal uraian terbatas adalah 1,000. Pada instrumen tes kinerja, dari 11 task efek Tyndall yang digunakan nilai reliabilitasnya adalah 0,807 sedangkan dari 11 task adsorpsi yang digunakan nilai reliabilitasnya adalah 0,707. Hasil aplikasi instrumen diketahui bahwa pengetahuan siswa berada pada kategori kompeten, sedangkan keterampilan praktikum siswa pada efek Tyndall dan adsorpsi masing-masing berada pada kategori sangat kompeten. Koefisien korelasi Pearson bernilai 0,866 yang artinya nilai pengetahuan tinggi berhubungan dengan nilai keterampilan praktikum siswa. Kata kunci: Instrumen penilaian otentik, pengetahuan, keterampilan praktikum, dan sekolah menengah kejuruan. This research aims to develop an authentic assessment instruments in assessing the knowledge and practical skills of vocational students to the concept of colloid. The method used is Research and Development, comprising the steps of instrument development, the validation and testing instruments, and instrument application stage. The instrument was developed consisting of a written test instruments and test instruments performance. In the test phase, which tested a sample written test consists of 24 students of class XII Motorcycle Engineering (TSM) and five assessing rater five students who perform lab, to test the performance test instruments. While at the application stage there were 40 students of class XII Computer Engineering Network (TKJ) were tested using authentic assessment test instruments, instrument written test and a performance test. Results of the validation instrument by seven validator indicates that the assessment instruments developed authentically valid, the CVR value of 1.000 and 0.714. From the results of the test instrument, the written test instrument known reliability value 25 multiple choice items was 0.675 and the value of reliability 2 pieces item description is limited to 1,000. In the performance test instruments, of 11 task used Tyndall effect the reliability value is 0.807 while the 11 task that used adsorption reliability value is 0.707. Results of application of instruments known that the knowledge of students in the category competent, while the practical skills of students at Tyndall effect and adsorption of each are in the category of very competent. Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.866, which means valuable knowledge of high-value associated with the value of practical skills of the students. Keywords: Authentic assessment instruments, knowledge, practical skills, and senior vocational schools