Fungicidas evaluados para combatir el añublo polvoriento en pimiento

The effectiveness of benomyl, chlorothalonil, copper hydroxide, dinocap, sulfur and triadimefon for the control of the fungus Leveillula taurica, causal agent of the powdery mildew of peppers (Capsicum annuum), was evaluated under field conditions. Results from two experiments indicate that weekly applications of benomyl and triadimefon reduced disease incidence and increased pepper yield. In the first experiment, plots treated with triadimefon (0.35 L/ha) and benomyl (0.55 kg/ha) produced 20.2 and 17.2 kg fruit/plot, respectively, whereas the nontreated plots yielded 13,9 kg/plot. A similar trend but with higher yields was obtained in the second experiment. Treatments with triadimefon (0.70 L/ha) and benomyl (0.55 kg/ha) produced 41.0 and 41.3 kg of fruit/plot, respectively, as compared with the control treatments which yielded 29.0 kg/plot.Se evaluó bajo condiciones de campo la eficacia de los fungicidas benomyl, hidróxido de cobre, dinocap, azufre y triadimefon para combatir el añublo polvoriento del pimiento (Leveillula taurica). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las aplicaciones semanales de los fungicidas benomyl y triadimefon reprimieron el patógeno, aminoraron la severidad de infección y aumentaron significativamente el rendimiento. En la primera prueba se obtuvieron rendimientos de 20.2 y 17.2 kg./parcela con aplicaciones de triadimefon (0.35 L./ha.) y benomyl (0.55 kg./ha.), respectivamente, mientras que en las parcelas sin tratar el rendimiento obtenido fue de 13.9 kg. En la segunda prueba, aun cuando los resultados fueron similares a los anteriores, se obtuvieron mejores rendimientos. Se obtuvieron rendimientos de 41.0 y 41.3 kg. en parcelas tratadas con triadimefon (0.70 L./ha.) y benomyl (0.55 kg./ha.); en las parcelas sin tratar se obtuvo un rendimiento de 29.0 kg./ha

Prevention, screening, assessing and managing of non-adherent behaviour in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: Systematic reviews informing the 2020 EULAR points to consider

© Objective To analyse how non-adherence to prescribed treatments might be prevented, screened, assessed and managed in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). Methods An overview of systematic reviews (SR) was performed in four bibliographic databases. Research questions focused on: (1) effective interventions or strategies, (2) associated factors, (3) impact of shared decision making and effective communication, (4) practical things to prevent non-adherence, (5) effect of non-adherence on outcome, (6) screening and assessment tools and (7) responsible healthcare providers. The methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using AMSTAR-2. The qualitative synthesis focused on results and on the level of evidence attained from the studies included in the reviews. Results After reviewing 9908 titles, the overview included 38 SR on medication, 29 on non-pharmacological interventions and 28 on assessment. Content and quality of the included SR was very heterogeneous. The number of factors that may influence adherence exceed 700. Among 53 intervention studies, 54.7% showed a small statistically significant effect on adherence, and all three multicomponent interventions, including different modes of patient education and delivered by a variety of healthcare providers, showed a positive result in adherence to medication. No single assessment provided a comprehensive measure of adherence to either medication or exercise. Conclusions The results underscore the complexity of non-adherence, its changing pattern and dependence on multi-level factors, the need to involve all stakeholders in all steps, the absence of a gold standard for screening and the requirement of multi-component interventions to manage it

Using Structural Sustainability for Forest Health Monitoring and Triage: Case Study of a Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)-impacted Landscape

Heavy disturbance-induced mortality can negatively impact forest biota, functions, and services by drastically altering the forest structures that create stable environmental conditions. Disturbance impacts on forest structure can be assessed using structural sustainability⿿the degree of balance between living and dead portions of a tree population⿿s size-class distribution⿿which is the basis of baseline mortality analysis. This analysis uses a conditionally calibrated reference level (i.e., baseline mortality) against which to detect significant mortality deviations without need for historical references. Recently, a structural sustainability index was developed by parameterizing results of this analysis to allow spatial and temporal comparisons within or among forested landscapes. The utility of this index as a tool for forest health monitoring programs and triage decisions has not been examined. Here, we investigated this utility by retrospectively analyzing the structural sustainability of a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)-impacted, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)-dominated landscape annually from 2000 to 2006 as well as among watersheds. We show that temporal patterns of structural sustainability at the landscape-level reflect accumulating beetle-induced mortality as well as beetle-lodgepole pine ecology. At the watershed-level, this sustainability spatially varied with 2006 beetle-induced mortality. Further, structural sustainability satisfies key criteria for effective indicators of ecosystem change. We conclude that structural sustainability is a viable tool upon which to base or supplement forest health monitoring and triage programs, and could potentially increase the efficacy of such programs under current and future climate change-associated disturbance patterns

New platinum(II) complexes with benzothiazole ligands

Four new platinum(II) complexes, namely tetraethylammonium tribromido(2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C8H7NS)] (1), tetraethylammonium tribromido(6-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C9H9NOS)] (2), tetraethylammonium tribromido(2,5,6-trimethyl-1,3-benzothiazole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C10H11NS)] (3), and tetraethylammonium tribromido(2-methyl-5-nitro-1,3-benzothiazole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C8H6N2O2S)] (4), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. These species are precursors of compounds with potential application in cancer chemotherapy. All four platinum(II) complexes adopt the expected square-planar coordination geometry, and the benzothiazole ligand is engaged in bonding to the metal atom through the imine N atom (Pt—N). The Pt—N bond lengths are normal: 2.035 (5), 2.025 (4), 2.027 (5) and 2.041 (4) Å for complexes 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The benzothiazole ligands are positioned out of the square plane, with dihedral angles ranging from 76.4 (4) to 88.1 (4)°. The NEt4 cation in 3 is disordered with 0.57/0.43 occupancies

Steroid-Functionalized Titanocenes: Docking Studies with Estrogen Receptor Alpha

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a transcription factor that is activated by hormones, with 17β-estradiol being its most active agonist endogenous ligand. ERα is also activated or inactivated by exogenous ligands. ER is overexpressed in hormone-dependent breast cancer, and one of the treatments for this type of cancer is the use of an ER antagonist to halt cell proliferation. We have previously reported four steroid-functionalized titanocenes: pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), trans-androsterone, and androsterone. These steroids have hormonal activity as well as moderate antiproliferative activity, thus these steroids could act as vectors for the titanocene dichloride to target hormone-dependent cancers. Also, these steroids could increase the antiproliferative activity of the resulting titanocenes based on synergism. In order to elucidate which factors contribute to the enhanced antiproliferative activity of these steroid-functionalized titanocenes, we performed docking studies between ERα and the titanocenes and the steroids. The binding affinities and type of bonding interactions of the steroid-functionalized titanocenes with ERα are herein discussed

Landscape-scale consequences of differential tree mortality from catastrophic wind disturbance in the Amazon.

Wind disturbance can create large forest blowdowns, which greatly reduces live biomass and adds uncertainty to the strength of the Amazon carbon sink. Observational studies from within the central Amazon have quantified blowdown size and estimated total mortality but have not determined which trees are most likely to die from a catastrophic wind disturbance. Also, the impact of spatial dependence upon tree mortality from wind disturbance has seldom been quantified, which is important because wind disturbance often kills clusters of trees due to large treefalls killing surrounding neighbors. We examine (1) the causes of differential mortality between adult trees from a 300-ha blowdown event in the Peruvian region of the northwestern Amazon, (2) how accounting for spatial dependence affects mortality predictions, and (3) how incorporating both differential mortality and spatial dependence affect the landscape level estimation of necromass produced from the blowdown. Standard regression and spatial regression models were used to estimate how stem diameter, wood density, elevation, and a satellite-derived disturbance metric influenced the probability of tree death from the blowdown event. The model parameters regarding tree characteristics, topography, and spatial autocorrelation of the field data were then used to determine the consequences of non-random mortality for landscape production of necromass through a simulation model. Tree mortality was highly non-random within the blowdown, where tree mortality rates were highest for trees that were large, had low wood density, and were located at high elevation. Of the differential mortality models, the non-spatial models overpredicted necromass, whereas the spatial model slightly underpredicted necromass. When parameterized from the same field data, the spatial regression model with differential mortality estimated only 7.5% more dead trees across the entire blowdown than the random mortality model, yet it estimated 51% greater necromass. We suggest that predictions of forest carbon loss from wind disturbance are sensitive to not only the underlying spatial dependence of observations, but also the biological differences between individuals that promote differential levels of mortality

Prevention, screening, assessing and managing of non-adherent behaviour in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: Systematic reviews informing the 2020 EULAR points to consider

Objective To analyse how non-adherence to prescribed treatments might be prevented, screened, assessed and managed in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). Methods An overview of systematic reviews (SR) was performed in four bibliographic databases. Research questions focused on: (1) effective interventions or strategies, (2) associated factors, (3) impact of shared decision making and effective communication, (4) practical things to prevent non-adherence, (5) effect of non-adherence on outcome, (6) screening and assessment tools and (7) responsible healthcare providers. The methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using AMSTAR-2. The qualitative synthesis focused on results and on the level of evidence attained from the studies included in the reviews. Results After reviewing 9908 titles, the overview included 38 SR on medication, 29 on non-pharmacological interventions and 28 on assessment. Content and quality of the included SR was very heterogeneous. The number of factors that may influence adherence exceed 700. Among 53 intervention studies, 54.7% showed a small statistically significant effect on adherence, and all three multicomponent interventions, including different modes of patient education and delivered by a variety of healthcare providers, showed a positive result in adherence to medication. No single assessment provided a comprehensive measure of adherence to either medication or exercise. Conclusions The results underscore the complexity of non-adherence, its changing pattern and dependence on multi-level factors, the need to involve all stakeholders in all steps, the absence of a gold standard for screening and the requirement of multi-component interventions to manage it