Sponsored messaging about climate change on Facebook: Actors, content, frames

Online communication about climate change is central to public discourse around this contested issue. Facebook is a dominant social media platform known to be a major source of information and online influence, yet discussion of climate change on the platform has remained largely unstudied due to difficulties in accessing data. This paper utilises Facebook's repository of social/political ads to study how climate change is framed as an issue in adverts placed by different actors. Sponsored content is a strategic investment and presumably intended to be persuasive, so patterns of who pays for adverts and how those adverts frame the issue can reveal large-scale trends in public discourse. We show that most money spent on climate-related messaging is targeted at users in the US, GB and CA. While the number of advert impressions correlates with total spend by an actor, there is a secondary effect of unpaid social sharing which can substantially affect the number of impressions per dollar spent. Most spend in the US is by political actors, while environmental non-governmental organisations dominate spend in GB. Analysis shows that climate change solutions are well represented in GB, while climate change impacts such as extreme weather events are strongly represented in the US and CA. Different actor types frame the issue of climate change in different ways; political actors position the issue as party political and a point of difference between candidates, whereas environmental NGOs frame climate change as the focus of collective action and social mobilisation. Overall, our study provides a first empirical exploration of climate-related advertising on Facebook. It shows the diversity of actors seeking to use Facebook as a platform for their campaigns and how they utilise different topic frames to persuade users to act.Comment: 44 pages, 9 figure

Compression garments reduce muscle movement and activation during submaximal running

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sports compression tights in reducing muscle movement and activation during running. Methods A total of 27 recreationally active males were recruited across two separate studies. For study 1, 13 participants (mean ± SD = 84.1 ± 9.4 kg, 22 ± 3 yr) completed two 4-min treadmill running bouts (2 min at 12 and 15 km·h-1) under two conditions: a no-compression control (CON1) and compression (COMP). For study 2, 14 participants (77.8 ± 8.4 kg, 27 ± 5 yr) completed four 9-min treadmill running bouts (3 min at 8, 10, and 12 km·h-1) under four conditions: a no-compression control (CON2) and three different commercially available compression tights (2XU, Nike, and Under Armor). Using Vicon 3D motion capture technology, lower limb muscle displacement was investigated in both study 1 (thigh and calf) and study 2 (vastus lateralis + medialis [VAS]; lateral + medial gastrocnemius [GAS]). In addition, study 2 investigated the effects of compression on soft tissue vibrations (root-mean-square of resultant acceleration, RMS Ar), muscle activation (iEMG), and running economy (oxygen consumption, VO2) during treadmill running. Results Wearing compression during treadmill running reduced thigh and calf muscle displacement as compared with no compression (both studies), which was evident across all running speeds. Compression also reduced RMS Ar and iEMG during treadmill running, but it had no effect on running economy (study 2). Conclusion Lower limb compression garments are effective in reducing muscle displacement, soft tissue vibrations, and muscle activation associated with the impact forces experienced during running

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 41, No. 3

• Love, David • Studebaker and Stutz: The Evolution of Dunkard Entrepreneurs • Latches and Locks • H. L. Mencken and A Girl from Red Lion, PA • Mac E. Barrick (1933-1991): An Appreciation • Aldes un Neies (Old and New)https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1134/thumbnail.jp

Crystal structure of rhodopsin bound to arrestin by femtosecond X-ray laser.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal primarily through G proteins or arrestins. Arrestin binding to GPCRs blocks G protein interaction and redirects signalling to numerous G-protein-independent pathways. Here we report the crystal structure of a constitutively active form of human rhodopsin bound to a pre-activated form of the mouse visual arrestin, determined by serial femtosecond X-ray laser crystallography. Together with extensive biochemical and mutagenesis data, the structure reveals an overall architecture of the rhodopsin-arrestin assembly in which rhodopsin uses distinct structural elements, including transmembrane helix 7 and helix 8, to recruit arrestin. Correspondingly, arrestin adopts the pre-activated conformation, with a ∼20° rotation between the amino and carboxy domains, which opens up a cleft in arrestin to accommodate a short helix formed by the second intracellular loop of rhodopsin. This structure provides a basis for understanding GPCR-mediated arrestin-biased signalling and demonstrates the power of X-ray lasers for advancing the frontiers of structural biology

Remote sensing in ecology and conservation: three years on

Editorial

Remote sensing in ecology and conservation: three years on

In 2014, Wiley and the Zoological Society of London launched Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, an open‐access journal that aims to support communication and collaboration among experts in remote sensing, ecology and conservation science. Remote sensing was from the start understood as the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon through a device that is not in physical contact with the object, thus including camera traps, field spectrometry, terrestrial and aquatic acoustic sensors, aerial and satellite monitoring as well as ship‐borne automatic identification systems (Pettorelli et al. 2015). The primary goals of this new journal were, and still are, to maximize the understanding and uptake of remote sensing‐based techniques and products by the ecological and conservation communities, prioritizing findings that advance the scientific basis of, and applied outcomes from, ecology and conservation science; and to identify ecological challenges that might direct development of future remote sensors and data products