Restoration of Degraded Lands Affected by Salinization Process under Climate Change Conditions: Impacts on Food Security in the Senegal River Valley

International audienceWith the progressive degradation of agricultural lands due to climate change, there is a need to document how land responds to management practices and their resilience to salinization processes. Salinization is a problem associated with agriculture and it constitutes a constraint which results in inappropriate practices. In addition, agriculture intensification and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns expected from climate change are likely to affect the saltwater balance of fragile ecosystems. Information on the relationship between climate change and salt-affected land salinization processes is scattered. Little has been done to highlight the most affected or vulnerable areas or to promote practices that can be used to adapt agricultural production in fragile areas to climate change. This study will contribute to food security and reducing the stress on ecosystems. This study relates land management practices to lands degraded and salinized due to climate change. Several land management practices have been used to evaluate the level of restoration of degraded lands. Changes in temperature, relative humidity, evaporation , solar radiation, and soil temperature combined with agricultural management practices driven by different cropping systems were used to evaluate the best and most adapted management practices for degraded lands that are dedicated to agriculture. Results suggest that regular seasonal cropping under irrigation might be recommended for degraded lands to assure sustainable food security

Restoration of Degraded Lands Affected by Salinization Process Under Climate Change Conditions: Impacts on Food Security in the Senegal River Valley

International audienceWith the progressive degradation of agricultural lands due to climate change, there is a need to document how land responds to management practices and their resilience to salinization processes. Salinization is a problem associated with agriculture and it constitutes a constraint which results in inappropriate practices. In addition, agriculture intensification and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns expected from climate change are likely to affect the saltwater balance of fragile ecosystems. Information on the relationship between climate change and salt-affected land salinization processes is scattered. Little has been done to highlight the most affected or vulnerable areas or to promote practices that can be used to adapt agricultural production in fragile areas to climate change. This study will contribute to food security and reducing the stress on ecosystems. This study relates land management practices to lands degraded and salinized due to climate change. Several land management practices have been used to evaluate the level of restoration of degraded lands. Changes in temperature, relative humidity, evaporation , solar radiation, and soil temperature combined with agricultural management practices driven by different cropping systems were used to evaluate the best and most adapted management practices for degraded lands that are dedicated to agriculture. Results suggest that regular seasonal cropping under irrigation might be recommended for degraded lands to assure sustainable food security

Fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique (FBH) de révélation tardive: à propos d’un cas au CHU de Dakar

La fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique (FBH) est une forme grave du paludisme; caractérisée par la survenue d'une hémolyse intravasculaire aiguë se traduisant par une anémie hémolytique, une insuffisance rénale aiguë et une hypovolémie. Son diagnostic repose essentiellement sur la clinique notamment la couleur  des urines d'aspect rouge porto. Nous rapportons un cas de fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique chez un jeune garçon de 10 ans originaire et vivant dans une zone d'endémie palustre, colligé dans un CHU de Dakar  (Sénégal). V.G est un garçon de 10 ans qui était hospitalisé pendant 2 jours au service des urgences dans un centre de santé de proximité pour une fièvre associée à des vomissements qui évoluaient depuis 3 jours. Le test de diagnostic rapide (TDR) au paludisme était positif à la présence d'antigènes de   Plasmodium falciparum dans le sang. Un traitement à base de quinine injectable (25 mg/kg/j), a été   entrepris pendant 03 jours. Au quatrième jour, sont apparues une hémolyse intravasculaire aiguë et une  hémoglobinurie avec une insuffisance rénale aiguë anurique. La goutte épaisse était revenue négative et le traitement par la quinine injectable arrêté. Le relais a été fait avec les dérivés de l'artémisinine. Trois  (03) séances d'hémodialyse ont été réalisées. L'évolution était favorable, par la reprise de la diurèse et la normalisation de la fonction rénale. La FBH existe encore dans notre pratique quotidienne. Il faut y penser devant l'apparition brutale d'une hémolyse avec insuffisance rénale aiguë et urines rouges porto au cours du traitement d'un paludisme.Key words: Paludisme grave, hémoglobinurie, quinin

Evaluation De La Prematurite Superieure Ou Egale A 32 Semaine D’amenorhée A L’hopital Regional De Ziguinchor Au Sud Du Senegal (Afrique De L’ouest)

Introduction: Prematurity is one of the leading causes of neonatal death in Africa. The objective of this work was to assess the preterm birth at the pediatric service of the regional hospital of Ziguinchor. Material and methods: This was a prospective, descriptive and analytical study of the case of hospitalized newborns whose age was between 32 SA to 36SA + 6 days. The study was conducted from May 21, 2013 to May 21, 2014. We included all premature infants at age ≥ 32SA.Those presenting a malformation were not included. We studied maternal socio-demographic, obstetric and neonatal parameters. Results: We have identified 140 newborns out of a total of 342 Preterm births and 2292 maternity births, a prevalence of 40.9% compared to preterm infants and 6.10% in relation to all births. 51.4 percent of mothers came from urban areas, 63.5 percent were between 20 and 34 years of age, not attending school in 45.7 percent, married in 72.9 percent and without work in 94.3 percent. The average gestures represented 3.09 . Arterial hypertension was the most common medical condition (67.7%). The followup was done by a midwife (82.1%) and 23.5% had received at least 4 NPC. Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia (48.9%) and RPM (42.8%) were common obstetric pathologies. The delivery was by caesarian (51.4%), hospital (92.1%), cephalic presentation (80%), with an average weight of 1816.79 g. An RCIU (16.4%), an RPM (61.9%). At birth, a DR (16.4%) was noted due to MMH (43.7%) and transitory tachypnea (50%). Asphyxia was reported in 3.5%. During hospitalization (6.7 days on average), 6.4% had RD caused by infection (77.7%). Other complications were infection (64.4%), hypoglycemia (28.5%), digestive hemorrhage (7.01%). The fatality rate was 7.9% due to infection (63.3%), DR (18%), haemorrhage (9%). The anthropometric measurements at the exit: P 1887.9g, T: 38.3cm, PC: 30.9cm; at 1 month P: 2387.1g, T: 46.6cm, PC: 32.8cm; at 30 months P: 12.1kg, T: 89.5cm, PC: 48.4cm. Conclusion: Moderate preterm birth accounts for almost half of the cases of prematurity in our series. Their optimal management would go through a better obstetric-neonatal collaboration but above all by the installation of kangaroo mother unit

Co-évaluation des innovations pour une production durable du riz dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal

Trabajo presentado en la 3ème édition de la Conférence Intensification Durable (CID), celebrada en Dakar del 24 al 26 de noviembre de 2021

Geographic Information Science: Monitoring, Mapping, Modeling, and Decision Making for the Great Green Wall Initiative

Geographic Information Science (GIScience or GISci) — using the synergy of global positioning systems (GPS), remote sensing, spatial analysis and statistics, and geographic information systems (GIS) — provides a powerful set of tools and intellectual approaches to address environmental change. Since the advent of satellite remote sensing of Earth resources in the 1970s, new and innovative ways have been developed to map, measure, monitor, model, and provide decision support for the ongoing changes on our planetary surface. Healthy green vegetation has a unique spectral reflectance response due to absorption in the visible red portion of the spectrum and strong reflectance in the near infrared. Indexes derived from combinations of satellite digital data have been documented to provide good indicators of the amount and geographic coverage of green vegetation. Thus, GIScience methods can be very helpful in spatial reasoning and scientific visualization of the success of agroforestry programs designed to combat desertification. Change detection or monitoring of the success of establishing green vegetation can be accomplished in a geographic information system using multiple dates of satellite imagery or aerial photography. In addition, when information about the state of the vegetation cover is combined with other digital data types, such as soils, access to water, transportation routes, the location of human settlements, and/or natural vegetation cover, then strategic decisions regarding development of the Great Green Wall can be made

Geographic information science: contribution to understanding salt and sodium affected soils in the Senegal River valley

Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of GeographyJohn A. Harrington JrThe Senegal River valley and delta (SRVD) are affected by long term climate variability. Indicators of these climatic shifts include a rainfall deficit, warmer temperatures, sea level rise, floods, and drought. These shifts have led to environmental degradation, water deficits, and profound effects on human life and activities in the area. Geographic Information Science (GIScience), including satellite-based remote sensing methods offer several advantages over conventional ground-based methods used to map and monitor salt-affected soil (SAS) features. This study was designed to assess the accuracy of information on soil salinization extracted from Landsat satellite imagery. Would available imagery and GIScience data analysis enable an ability to discriminate natural soil salinization from soil sodication and provide an ability to characterize the SAS trend and pattern over 30 years? A set of Landsat MSS (June 1973 and September 1979), Landsat TM (November 1987, April 1994 and November 1999) and ETM+ (May 2001 and March 2003) images have been used to map and monitor salt impacted soil distribution. Supervised classification, unsupervised classification and post-classification change detection methods were used. Supervised classifications of May 2001 and March 2003 images were made in conjunction field data characterizing soil surface chemical characteristics that included exchange sodium percentage (ESP), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the electrical conductivity (EC). With this supervised information extraction method, the distribution of three different types of SAS (saline, saline-sodic, and sodic) was mapped with an accuracy of 91.07% for 2001 image and 73.21% for 2003 image. Change detection results confirmed a decreasing trend in non-saline and saline soil and an increase in saline-sodic and sodic soil. All seven Landsat images were subjected to the unsupervised classification method which resulted in maps that separate SAS according to their degree of salinity. The spatial distribution of sodic and saline-sodic soils has a strong relationship with the area of irrigated rice crop management. This study documented that human-induced salinization is progressively replacing natural salinization in the SRVD. These pedologic parameters obtained using GIScience remote sensing techniques can be used as a scientific tool for sustainable management and to assist with the implementation of environmental policy

Chapitre 12. Amélioration des pratiques culturales du sorgho de décrue dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal

Introduction Le sorgho de décrue est cultivé dans les cuvettes inondables de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal (fig. 1) pendant la saison sèche fraîche après le retrait des eaux de crue du fleuve. Pour cette culture pratiquée traditionnellement sans irrigation et avec peu d’intrants, les rendements sont faibles, de l’ordre de 500 kg/ha. Les recherches présentées dans ce chapitre menées dans le cadre des projets WAAPP, AFD-Décrue et Agricora visaient à : 1) collecter des informations actuali..

Fungal mycetoma and pregnancy: An association with costly and difficult management, about a case.

Mycetomas are endemic diseases in tropical and sub-tropical countries of Africa, Asia and America, mainly affecting rural populations living below the poverty line. We report a particular case of a mycetoma associated with pregnancy whose evolution was good, but at the cost of significant financial expenses. This was a 39-year-old woman who developed a fungal mycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis from the ingunocrural region. The patient had to develop several previous pregnancies on this site of mycetoma, the outcome of which was favorable. The last pregnancy was accompanied by an aggravation of the mycetoma in the form of polyfistulized inflammatory swelling of the right inguino-crural region emitting black grains. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the region showed invasion of the adductor muscles at the level of the root of the thigh on its antero-internal side with no sign of pelvic extension or underlying bone lesion. The patient was treated by surgery associated with antifungal treatment. The evolution was favorable for pregnancy and mycetoma

Water constraints and flood-recession agriculture in the Senegal river valley

International audienceFlood recession farming practiced in flood-prone areas and on the banks of rivers and lakes in arid or semi-arid environments essentially depends on the soil water stock after the flood has receded. During these last few decades, this coveted agriculture is increasingly challenged by severe water constraints, due to increased hydrological hazards and development projects aimed at controlling floods. These challenges are difficult to anticipate, and are the subject of a great deal of uncertainty regarding the sustainability of development projects in the concerned areas. In this study, recent hydraulic data of the Senegal River were analyzed to understand the constraints related to the river management in flood-prone areas. Satellite imagery analysis techniques were used to estimate flooded areas and establish relationships with the river regime. Agricultural practices implemented by farmers were also analyzed to evaluate the resilience of this cropping system to the risk of water stress. The results confirmed many constraints of different importance related to the objectives assigned to the management of dams under multiple water use context. It clearly came out that the water resource management rules relegate flood-recession agriculture to the lowest priorities. In addition, there are safety issues related to unexpected effects of flooding on the water structures and in the nearby inhabited localities of flood-prone areas. Knowing some characteristics of the flooding and of the river's levels and their relationships can be useful within the framework of an organized climate service that would help farmers and communities to better anticipate constraints