Male infertility in iranian traditional medicine, causes, treatment and compares it with modern medicine

Introduction: One of the major problems of medical science is infertility and reduced fertility. At least one of six couples is infertile. Male infertility is considered in 40 of infertility cases. Prevalence and importance of infertility and the attention of traditional medicine scholars to the causes of infertility and treatment of this problem which its main part is recipes can be helpful, because nutrition has many effects on human health. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the causes of infertility and recipes mentioned in traditional medicine books to prevent and treat male infertility beside modern medicine. Methods: In this systematic review study, the main textbooks of traditional medicine such as Ghanoon in the section of male fertility disorders were evaluated according to the key words of infertility and nutrition, and the causes of male infertility were studied. Then, the causes of male infertility and its treatment in the books and articles of modern medicine were studied and the results were briefly compared. Results: Iranian traditional physicians have described several causes for infertility and have expressed different treatments depending on the cause. Among these, the role of nutrition is highlighted. The causes of this disorder in some cases is weakness, in some cases is weakness in main organs such as brain, heart, liver and testicles, and in some cases is the main organs's mizaj. Simple food regimes can be used for treatment of many cases, therefore, in this study, treatment and nutritional measures were obtained based on the cause. Conclusion: The studies showed that viewpoints are similar in Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine); in both viewpoints, the causes of infertility can be related to the reproductive system (testicles, tract, and penis), sometimes brain, liver and kidney dysfunction, and in some cases, sexual dysfunction may be involved in infertility. These similarities show the richness of Iranian medicine and need for attention to its therapy methods. According to the results, as the first step of treatment, the list of foods presented in this study can be used. This list can be recommended to the patients in medical centers. © 2016, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Safety, pharmacokinetics and target engagement of novel RIPK1 inhibitor SAR443060 (DNL747) for neurodegenerative disorders:Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase I/Ib studies in healthy subjects and patients

RIPK1 is a master regulator of inflammatory signaling and cell death and increased RIPK1 activity is observed in human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). RIPK1 inhibition has been shown to protect against cell death in a range of preclinical cellular and animal models of diseases. SAR443060 (previously DNL747) is a selective, orally bioavailable, central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant, small-molecule, reversible inhibitor of RIPK1. In three early-stage clinical trials in healthy subjects and patients with AD or ALS (NCT03757325 and NCT03757351), SAR443060 distributed into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after oral administration and demonstrated robust peripheral target engagement as measured by a reduction in phosphorylation of RIPK1 at serine 166 (pRIPK1) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to baseline. RIPK1 inhibition was generally safe and well-tolerated in healthy volunteers and patients with AD or ALS. Taken together, the distribution into the CSF after oral administration, the peripheral proof-of-mechanism, and the safety profile of RIPK1 inhibition to date, suggest that therapeutic modulation of RIPK1 in the CNS is possible, conferring potential therapeutic promise for AD and ALS, as well as other neurodegenerative conditions. However, SAR443060 development was discontinued due to long-term nonclinical toxicology findings, although these nonclinical toxicology signals were not observed in the short duration dosing in any of the three early-stage clinical trials. The dose-limiting toxicities observed for SAR443060 preclinically have not been reported for other RIPK1-inhibitors, suggesting that these toxicities are compound-specific (related to SAR443060) rather than RIPK1 pathway-specific

Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study

IMPORTANCE: Left atrial fibrosis is prominent in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Extensive atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been associated with poor outcomes of AF catheter ablation. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the feasibility of atrial tissue fibrosis estimation by delayed enhancement MRI and its association with subsequent AF ablation outcome. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study of patients diagnosed with paroxysmal and persistent AF (undergoing their first catheter ablation) conducted between August 2010 and August 2011 at 15 centers in the United States, Europe, and Australia. Delayed enhancement MRI images were obtained up to 30 days before ablation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Fibrosis quantification was performed at a core laboratory blinded to the participating center, ablation approach, and procedure outcome. Fibrosis blinded to the treating physicians was categorized as stage 1 (<10% of the atrial wall), 2 (≥10%-<20%), 3 (≥20%-<30%), and 4 (≥30%). Patients were followed up for recurrent arrhythmia per current guidelines using electrocardiography or ambulatory monitor recording and results were analyzed at a core laboratory. Cumulative incidence of recurrence was estimated by stage at days 325 and 475 after a 90-day blanking period (standard time allowed for arrhythmias related to ablation-induced inflammation to subside) and the risk of recurrence was estimated (adjusting for 10 demographic and clinical covariates). RESULTS: Atrial tissue fibrosis estimation by delayed enhancement MRI was successfully quantified in 272 of 329 enrolled patients (57 patients [17%] were excluded due to poor MRI quality). There were 260 patients who were followed up after the blanking period (mean [SD] age of 59.1 [10.7] years, 31.5% female, 64.6% with paroxysmal AF). For recurrent arrhythmia, the unadjusted overall hazard ratio per 1% increase in left atrial fibrosis was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.03-1.08; P < .001). Estimated unadjusted cumulative incidence of recurrent arrhythmia by day 325 for stage 1 fibrosis was 15.3% (95% CI, 7.6%-29.6%); stage 2, 32.6% (95% CI, 24.3%-42.9%); stage 3, 45.9% (95% CI, 35.5%-57.5%); and stage 4, 51.1% (95% CI, 32.8%-72.2%) and by day 475 was 15.3% (95% CI, 7.6%-29.6%), 35.8% (95% CI, 26.2%-47.6%), 45.9% (95% CI, 35.6%-57.5%), and 69.4% (95% CI, 48.6%-87.7%), respectively. Similar results were obtained after covariate adjustment. The addition of fibrosis to a recurrence prediction model that includes traditional clinical covariates resulted in an improved predictive accuracy with the C statistic increasing from 0.65 to 0.69 (risk difference of 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.09). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with AF undergoing catheter ablation, atrial tissue fibrosis estimated by delayed enhancement MRI was independently associated with likelihood of recurrent arrhythmia. The clinical implications of this association warrant further investigation

A systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing effectiveness of prosthetic and orthotic interventions.

BACKGROUND: Assistive products are items which allow older people and people with disabilities to be able to live a healthy, productive and dignified life. It has been estimated that approximately 1.5% of the world's population need a prosthesis or orthosis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to systematically identify and review the evidence from randomized controlled trials assessing effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prosthetic and orthotic interventions. METHODS: Literature searches, completed in September 2015, were carried out in fourteen databases between years 1995 and 2015. The search results were independently screened by two reviewers. For the purpose of this manuscript, only randomized controlled trials which examined interventions using orthotic or prosthetic devices were selected for data extraction and synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 342 randomised controlled trials were identified (319 English language and 23 non-English language). Only 4 of these randomised controlled trials examined prosthetic interventions and the rest examined orthotic interventions. These orthotic interventions were categorised based on the medical conditions/injuries of the participants. From these studies, this review focused on the medical condition/injuries with the highest number of randomised controlled trials (osteoarthritis, fracture, stroke, carpal tunnel syndrome, plantar fasciitis, anterior cruciate ligament, diabetic foot, rheumatoid and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankle sprain, cerebral palsy, lateral epicondylitis and low back pain). The included articles were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Details of the clinical population examined, the type of orthotic/prosthetic intervention, the comparator/s and the outcome measures were extracted. Effect sizes and odds ratios were calculated for all outcome measures, where possible. CONCLUSIONS: At present, for prosthetic and orthotic interventions, the scientific literature does not provide sufficient high quality research to allow strong conclusions on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness

The effect of interference of endurance and concurrent (endurance-resistance) training programs on femoral bone mineral density and mechanical strength of osteoporotic male rats

Background: There is no information available regarding the effect of an incremental Concurrent aerobic and resistance training protocol on osteogenic response of bone tissue for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. This study evaluate the efficacy of Concurrent training compared to endurance training for enhancing femoral bone mineral density and mechanical strength of osteoporotic male Wistar Rats. Methodology: In this experimental design, firstly among forty male Wistar rats, 8 rats were separated as healthy group. Then Osteoporosis induced in other rats by intraperitoneal injection of 20% alcohol/saline solution (3 g per kg of body weight). Injection were carried out in the first 4 days of the week, once a day for three consecutive weeks. Osteoporotic rats divided into 4 groups (n=8 per group): baseline, resistance training, concurrent training and control. The endurance training protocol included running on a treadmill with a 0% grade and at a constant speed 12 m/min to a maximum of 60 minutes per day. Concurrent group carried out a combination of both endurance and resistance trainings (4 series of climbs on the 110-cm vertical ladder angled at 80&ordm; with weights tied to animal tail and Observance the principle of overload at 50% of the total body mass of the animal in the first series to 100% in the fourth series). After completing 12 weeks of exercise trainings (5 days a week), the animals were euthanized, and excised left femurs were scanned for BMD measurement and examined by three point bending test to obtain the Maximum breaking-force and stiffness. Data analysis performed by Independent t-test for comparing among healthy and baseline groups, as well, one way- ANOVA was applied for assessment of inter groups viabilities. A p- value (0.05) was set for data statistical analysis. Result: The Concurrent group showed a significantly increased on BMD (p=0.000), maximum force (p=0.000) and stiffness (p=0.000) versus to control group. Endurance exercise intervention resulted in a significant increase in maximum force (p=0.001) and stiffness (p=0.027) without statistical significance differences in BMD (p=0.514). Incremental changes in factors of BMD (p=0.000), maximum force (p=0.000) and stiffness (p=0.006) of femoral Concurrent training group obtained more than endurance training group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the combination of endurance and strength training exercise may have a synergistic effect on increasing the mechanical strength of osteoporotic femoral bone in male rats versus to endurance training alone

The Effect of Chronic Intake of L-carnitine L-tartrate on Lipid Metabolism during Aerobic Exercise

Abstract: Background & Aims: Despite 20 years of research, there is no compelling evidence about the effect of carnitine supplementation on improving physical performance in healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long term consumption of acute L-carnitine L-tartarate (LCLT) on fat metabolism and aerobic capacity. Methods: A total of 28 healthy nonathlete male students received either L-carnitine L-tartarate or placebo (Lactose) for 3 weeks (3g orally, daily) in experimental and control groups. The subjects of both groups performed submaximal ergometery Astrand protocol on bicycle for 20 minutes before and after this supplementation period. Following each test, blood samples were drawn immediately to determine the concentrations of plasma free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride (TG) and other metabolites. Resting and submaximal heart rates were monitored. The collected data of pre and post tests were evaluated by SPSS 13.0 software in the both groups. Results: No significant differences in FFA, TG and resting and exercise heart rates were found between pre and post tests in the both experimental and control groups. Conclusion: Three weeks LCLT supplementation has no effect on fat metabolism and aerobic capacity. Also, chronic intake of LCLT has no effect on substrate utilization or endurance performance in healthy individuals. Keywords: Carnitine, Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Aerobic exerci

Effect of Endurance Exercise on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Lipid Peroxidation in the Heart of the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Oxidative stress can promote the development of complications of diabetes. Moderate exercise improves cardiac antioxidant status in diabetic animals. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 week endurance exercise training on some heart antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation of heart tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: To this end, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the healthy control group (C), diabetic control group (DC) and trained diabetic group (TD). Animals in TD group were exercised on a treadmill 4 days a week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in heart tissues. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Results: The CAT and GPx activities of the heart tissue in DC group were found to be significantly higher (p=0.000) in compared with C group, whereas SOD activity was not found significantly different among the experimental groups. Also, heart GPx activity in TD group was significantly lower (p=0.000) than that of DC group, while CAT activity was not affected by endurance training. After 8-week endurance exercise (TD group), the MDA levels of heart tissue were significantly higher (respectively p<0.017 and p=0.000) than C and DC groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study have demonstrated that due to decreased GPx activities and MDA levels, endurance exercise may make the heart tissue more susceptible to oxidative stress

The Effect of a Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise Followed by a Period of Detraining on Femoral Micro structures and It\'s Strength in Oophorectomized Rats

Background and aim: Exercise activities increase bone mass, however, the effect of  detraining and inactivity on osteoporosis in active people who take part in regular physical activity, are still not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill running exercise together with detraining on osteoporosis in Oophorectomized rats. Methods: Fifty female rats divided randomly into control experimental 1 (oophorectomized rats for 12 weeks) experimental 2 (oophorectomized rats for 22 weeks) experimental 3 (oophorectomized rats undergoing treadmill running exercise) and experimental 4 (oophorectomized rats undergoing treadmill running exercise together with a period of detraining) groups. Control group sacrificed in the beginning of the study. The experimental groups of 3 and 4 exercised for 10 weeks. After the training period, The experimental groups of 1 and 3 were sacrificed, while, experimental groups 4 and 2 remained detraining. The exercise program consisted of running on a treadmill (3 days/week for 10 weeks). The speed of treadmill was adjusted constant at 12 m/min and the duration of exercise began from 10 min in the first week and reached up to 64 min in the 10th week of exercise. At the end of study, all rats were sacrificed and their femurs were removed for bone micro structures (cortical and trabecular thickness, and trabecular separation) and bone strength analysis. We used One-Way ANOVA and  post hoc Scheffe test to compare the groups after evaluation of Homology of variances by Shapiro wilk test. P&le 0.05 considered significant. Results: Trabecular thickness decreased significantly in experimental groups of 1 and 2 compared with control group (P<0.05). Bone strength and cortical thicknesses decreased significantly in experimental groups of 2 compared with control group (P<0.01). Bone strength and femoral micro structures improved in experimental group of 3 compared with experimental group of 1 and in experimental group of 4 compared with experimental group of 2 (P<0.001). cortical thickness decreased significantly in experimental group of 4 compared with experimental group of 3 (P<0.025).  Conclusion: Moderate intensity treadmill running exercise has a prophylactic effects on osteoporosis which remain after detraining. Prevention of osteoporosis leads to reduce of pathological fractures