Evaluation of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Through Androstolone and Pituitary Hormones Lab Testing

        Hyperandrogenemia is an essential symptom of PCOS. Androgens are produced in the ovaries and adrenal glands as the final products of a series of enzymatic reactions starting from a common precursor, i.e, cholesterol. The critical intermediate stages of androgen production involve the conversion of cholesterol into dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione. These reactions take place in the theca cells . Hyperandrogenemia is considered the main clinical hallmark of PCOS. It is estimated that more than 80% of women who exhibit signs or symptoms of hyperandrogenism , including hirsutism, acne or alopecia, have PCOS .Abnormalities in the neuroendocrine system like increased pulse frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, stimulating the pituitary for excessive production of luteinizing hormone than that of follicle-stimulating hormone is seen in PCOS women. Excess LH stimulates ovarian androgen production, whereas a relative deficit in FSH impairs follicular development. The imbalance in LH: FSH causes proliferation of ovarian theca cells leading to increased steroid genesis , and ultimately leading to hyperandrogenism in PCOS women

PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG AYAM DAN NPK (16:16:16) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN KENTANG (Solanum tuberosum L.) VARIETAS GRANOLA

The aims of this research is to determine the interaction between chicken manure dose and NPK (16:16:16) and also to obtain the dose that can give the best effect on the growth and yield of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties of Granola. The research was carried out on August to November 2020, in Pangkalan Kamojang, Laksana Village, Ibun District, Bandung Regency, West Java with an altitude of 1.500 m above sea level. This research used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. Factor I: Dose of chicken manure (k1 = 5 tons/ha, k2 = 10 tons/ha, k3 = 15 tons/ha). Factor II: Dose of NPK 16:16:16 (n1 = 350 kg/ha, n2 = 400 kg/ha, n3 = 450 kg/ha). The results showed that there was an interaction between the dose of chicken manure and NPK (16:16:16) on the weight of tubers per plant. The best results were shown by the combination of k3n2 treatment (15 ton/ha chicken manure dose and 400 kg/ha NPK 16:16:16). Dose treatment of chicken manure gave effect on plant height, number of stems, number and weight of tubers per plant, and tuber weight per plot. Dose treatment of NPK (16:16:16) gave effect on plant height, number of stems, number and weight of tubers per plant, and tuber weight per plot. Keywords: Potato, dosage, chicken manure, NP

Hydrogel Drug Delivery System (HDDS): Contribution by Pakistani Researchers

Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymeric networks that are able to swell and retain large amounts of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels work well in the body because they mimic the natural structure of the body’s cellular makeup. As a result of this, the area of hydrogel research has expanded dramatically in the recent years, primarily because they perform well for biomedical applications (Kunzler et al., 2003). Recent advances in the use of hydrogels have led to the potential to design artificial organs, deliver drugs to specific sites in the body in a controlled fashion and fabricate the extended wear contact lenses (Lin and Metters, 2006); Hoare and Kohane, 2008). Hydrogels can absorb water nearly 10-20 times its molecular weight and hence become swollen. Their affinity to absorb water is attributed to the presence of hydrophilic groups such as –OH, –CONH–, –CONH2–, and –SO3H in polymers forming hydrogel structures (Peppas et al., 2000). Hydrogel technologies may be broadly applied to wound dressings (Azad et al., 2004), superabsorbent, barrier materials to regulate biological adhesions, biosensor devices, tissue engineering and regenerative medicines, diagnostics and separation of biomolecules or cells and pharmaceuticals (Kumar et al., 2008). Hydrogels may be classified as natural or synthetic depending on the nature of their origin

Sampling plans designing with simulation when life time distributed the logistic distribution

Sampling design is a very important topic; it is the most efficient when it comes to costs and convenience. Time live distribution should be identified to give the best estimator of sampling plans. This research discuses designing sampling plans when life time follow logistic distribution, so we can use distribution parameters to calculate the required sample size and number of groups. This will enable us to decide to accepting or rejecting the whole lot. The findings of this research show the specific number of group and the specific size of these samples that give the lowest costs for accepting or rejecting the lot. Future research papers could be done on other distributions to investigate how sampling plans can be affected by distributing life time. Designing sequent and multiplied sampling plans can guarantee the decision of accepting or rejecting the lot through hiring the less numbers of groups and smallest size of the sample

Effects of radiation, joule heating and viscous dissipation on MHD Marangoni convection over a flat surface with suction and injection

In this paper, we studied the effects of thermal radiation, Joule heating and viscous dissipation on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Marangoni convection boundary layer over a flat surface. We also investigated the influence of suction and injection on the boundary layer. Numerical results were obtained using the shooting method along with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. The influences of the interest parameters on the reduced velocity along the interface, velocity profiles as well as the reduced heat transfer at the interface and temperature profiles were presented in tables and figures. From the results, we discovered that thermal radiation, magnetic parameter, Joule heating, viscous dissipation and suction parameter can reduce the velocity and heat transfer at the interface

An Audit of 138 Patients Admitted with Lump in the Neck in Surgical Department of Services Hospital Lahore, (SIMS)

Introduction: Neck swellings are very common problem in head and neck region. Causes are highly variable, ranging from simple treatable disease to a metastatic incurable carcinoma. The common causes may differ depending upon the different geographical location, gender and age of the patients. Therefore, the knowledge of local causative factors is important to avoid diagnostic delay. Commonly presenting head and neck masses are due to lymph node, thyroid and salivary gland enlargement. In third world countries, infective causes are most common. Malignant neoplasms were the second most common group. Therefore, frequent audit is necessary for prompt diagnosis and further work up. Objective: An audit of 138 patients admitted with neck swelling in surgical department of a tertiary care Hospital of Lahore. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Surgery, (unit-1) Services Institute of Medical Sciences Lahore, (SIMS) during January 2014 to July 2015. All patients who presented with neck swelling during study period were included. Diagnosis made after taking clinical history, examination and relevant laboratory work up. Results: Out of 138 patients with lump in the neck, 93 (67.39%) were female and 45 (32.60%) were male. The commonest swelling is tuberculous lymphadenitis that is 34 (24.63%) and 9 (6.52%) were lymphoma and 4 (3%) with reactive hyperplasia. 49 (35.5%) arose from thyroid (40 benign and 9 malignant). Among the benign swellings, 15 were solitary nodular goiter, 12 were Multinodular goiter and 13 were diffuse thyroid goiter, 11 were Thyroglossal cyst. Other causes included sebaceous cyst 12 (8.69%), lipoma 19 (13.67%), thyroglossal cyst 11 (8%) and carcinoma of thyroid 9 (6.52%) Conclusion: The most common cause of neck lump is thyroid disease and tuberculous lymphadenitis. Early diagnosis of tuberculosis and goiter is crucial for appropriate management.   Keywords: Head and Neck Swellings, Lymph Nodes, Tuberculous lymphadenitis, Goite

To Determine the Frequency of the Common Causes of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding after Colonoscopy

Introduction: Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding (LGIB) is defined as bleeding from distal to the ligament of Treitz at the duodeno-jejunal flexure and it accounts for 30-40% of all gastrointestinal bleeding. Although it is less common than the upper gastrointestinal bleeding yet considered as medical and surgical emergency particularly when massive. The leading causes of LGIB are hemorrhoids, rectal ulcers, rectal polyps and colitis; while less frequent causes include ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and diverticulitis.   This is apparently in contrast to the western literature where inflammatory bowel diseases and diverticulitis are the common cause of LGIB. Presently Colonoscopy is the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure of choice in LGIB. Objective: To determine the frequency of the common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) after Colonoscopic examination in a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Department of Gastroenterology, Services institute of Medical Sciences Lahore (SIMS) from April 2016 to March 2017. Results: A total of 277 patients were included in this study, 181(65.34%) were males and 96(34.65%) were females. The average age oi the patients was 45.5 years. Colonoscopy showed abnormal findings in 219 (79.06%) patients. The internal hemorrhoids were the most common cause of LGIB while least common cause of LGIB after Colonoscopic examination was malignant lesions of colon and rectum. Conclusion: In our study bleeding from internal hemorrhoids was the leading cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding followed by rectal ulcers and polyps.   Keywords: Lower GI Bleeding, Hemorrhoids, Rectal Ulcer, Rectal polyps, Colonoscopy

Effects of Joule heating and viscous dissipation an MHD Marangoni convection boundary layer flow.

An analysis is performed to study the effects of the Joule heating and viscous dissipation on the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Marangoni convection boundary layer flow. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations via the similarity transformations. Numerical results of the similarity equations are obtained using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. Effects of the magnetic field parameter, and the combined effects of the Joule heating and the viscous dissipation are investigated and the numerical results are tabulated in tables and figures. It is found that the magnetic field reduces the fluid velocity but increases the fluid temperature. On the other hand, the combined effects of the Joule heating and viscous dissipation have significantly influenced the surface temperature gradient

Pyrolisis Temperature Effect to the Biochar Product from Chocolate’s Fruit Skin (Theobroma cacao L.)

This research’s aim is to find out the effect of pyrolisis temperature to the biochar product from chocolate’s rind. The sample of rind of 20 kg is come from Indrapuri, Great Aceh. The water level of the sample is determined and then it was pyrolised with pyrolisator at the temperatures of 300, 400, and 500oC. The biochar gotten is then measured its rendemen and characterized which comprised of flying substance level, ash, bonded carbon, nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, and then the chemical substances were identified by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). Pyrolisis product of biochars at the temperatures of 300, 400, and 500oC were gained rendemen of 8.98; 8.45, and 8.35% (w/w) in a row. These biochars have physical appearance of black with brittle texture. It were gained biochars’s characteristic product of water level at 3.93% (300oC), 2.43% (400oC), and 1.50% (500oC) respectively; flying substance level at 47.13% (300oC), 29.58% (400oC) and 25.48% (500oC); ash level at15.70% (300oC), 17.14% (400oC), and 18.02% (500oC), bonded carbon at 37.16% (300oC), 53.37% (400oC), and 56.32% (500oC). The highest level of nitrogen (3.51%) is gained with biochar’s pyrolisis product at the temperature 300oC, meanwhile for the 500 dan 400oC, their nitrogen level are 1.29 and 0.86%. Phosphor level at biochar’s pyrolisis product at the temperature of 300, 400 and 500oC in a row are 0.90; 0.43; 1.39% and potassium level at this biochar are 3.34,4.73, and 4.41% consecutively. GCMS analysis result to the biochar’s pyrolisis product at the temperature of 300oC was identified 40 compounds with their main contents is 4-beta-5-dihydroneronin (22.02%), whereas at the temperatures of 400 dan 500oC respective are identified of 11 and 23 compounds, however their main contents is oleat acid with the level of 62.47 dan 49.84% in a row. It can be concluded that biochar’s characteristics of chocolate’s rind is determined by pyrolisis temperature

Textbook assessment and religious education efforts: how to achieve religious moderation in schools?

This article delineates the process of evaluating the substance of religious education literature affiliated with Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Moderation is regarded as a fundamental component of a pluralistic and multicultural society. Beyond that, its primary objective is to prevent division within the nation and address the issue of intolerance in textbooks. By employing a qualitative-descriptive-exploratory conceptual framework and conducting focus group discussions (FGDs) with multiple experts, this writing method is informed by meticulous observation and reading of religious education texts spanning grades kindergarten to high school. This research demonstrates that religious textbooks continue to include material that has the potential to incite violence, prejudice, and hostility. Furthermore, this analysis establishes textbook evaluation as a "bridge" to achieving religious moderation in madrasas and institutions. The independent assessment team and the book evaluation committee were both interviewed. This study emphasises the significance of providing authors and publishers with writing guidelines, training, and mentoring to ensure that the quality of textbooks produced aligns with the content embraced by the nation's norms, values, and culture. Artikel ini menguraikan proses penilaian substansi literatur pendidikan agama yang berafiliasi dengan Islam, Katolik, Protestan, Hindu, dan Budha. Moderasi dianggap sebagai komponen mendasar dari masyarakat pluralistik dan multikultural. Selain itu, tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mencegah perpecahan dalam bangsa dan mengatasi masalah intoleransi dalam buku pelajaran. Dengan menggunakan kerangka konseptual kualitatif-deskriptif-eksploratif dan melakukan diskusi kelompok terfokus (FGD) dengan berbagai ahli, metode penulisan ini didasarkan pada observasi dan pembacaan yang cermat terhadap teks-teks pendidikan agama mulai dari tingkat taman kanak-kanak hingga sekolah menengah atas. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa buku teks agama masih memuat materi yang berpotensi memicu kekerasan, prasangka, dan permusuhan. Lebih lanjut, analisis ini menjadikan evaluasi buku teks sebagai “jembatan” pencapaian moderasi beragama di madrasah dan lembaga. Tim penilai independen dan panitia evaluasi buku sama-sama diwawancarai. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya memberikan pedoman penulisan, pelatihan, dan pendampingan kepada penulis dan penerbit untuk memastikan bahwa kualitas buku teks yang dihasilkan sejalan dengan konten yang dianut oleh norma, nilai, dan budaya bangsa